Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement

KHILAFAT & NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT:

1919-22: KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

• The First World-War (WWI) ended with the "Treaty of Versailles".
• Victorious British dethroned the Sultan of Turkey who was regarded as the "Khalifa or Caliph".
• Indian Muslims organize the Khalifa Movement.

Aim of Khalifa Movement:

• The Khalifa's position should be restored.
• The Khalifa's control over the Muslim sacred places should be retained.
• In territorial adjustments after the war, Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories.

1919 (Bombay): KHILAFAT COMMITTEE

• Leaders: Ali Brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Harsat Mohani, Dr. MA Ansari.

1919 Nov. (Delhi): ALL INDIA KHILAFAT CONFERENCE

• Dr. Harsat Mohani made a call for a boycott of British goods & non-cooperation with the British government.

1920: ALLIANCE WITH CONGRESS

• Gandhi appointed as the President of the All India Khilafat Committee.
• Till May 1920, Gandhi was still moderate but afterward hardened with the publication of the terms of the treaty with Turkey & the Hunter Committee Report on Punjab disturbances.

1920 June (Allahabad): CENTRAL KHILAFAT COMMITTEE MEET

• Attended by both Congress & Khilafat Leaders.
• Ultimatum gave to the government-unless the Khilafat & Punjab wrongs were undone, the movement shall be launched from 1st August 1920.
• Tikal proposed Hindu-Muslim alliances over a religious question.

1920, 1st Aug.: NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

• Non-Cooperation movement launched.
• Tilak passes away.

1920, 20th Dec. (Nagpur): NAGPUR CONGRESS SESSION

• President C.Vijayraghavachariar.
• CR Das turns from a critic to Gandhi's supporter & moves the main resolution on Non-Cooperation Resolution of Non-Violent Non-Cooperation endorsed with the triple purpose of Non-Cooperation as the follows:
• A satisfactory resolution to the Khilafat question.
• Redressal of the Punjab wrongs, and
• Attainment of Swaraj.

• A detailed program of Non-Cooperation was suggested, to be put into force at a time decided by the Congress.
• A new constitution of the Congress Party (handwork of Gandhi himself) was adopted.
• Gandhi gave the slogan, "Swaraj in one year".
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah, GS Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal & Annie Besant left the Congress, they still believed in the lawful methods of the agitation.

1921 Jan.-March: FIRST PHASE OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

• Emphasis was on the boycott of schools, colleges, law courts & promotion of Charkha.
• CR Das played a key role in encouraging a boycott. 
• Subhas Chandra Bose became the Principal of the National College in Calcutta.
• Many leading lawyers gave up their remunerative legal practices. Lawyers were Motilal Nehru, CR Das, MR Jayakar, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, C.Rajagopalachari, T.Prakasam & Asif Ali.

1921 April-June: SECOND PHASE

• The main focus on raising One Crore Rupees for Tilak Swaraj Fund.

1921 Jul. onwards: THIRD PHASE

• The main emphasis was on the boycott of the visit of the Prince of Wals in November & boycott of foreign cloth.
• Congress Volunteer Corps acted as parallel police.

1921 May: GANDHI-READING TALKS

• Viceroy Reading tried to persuade Gandhi to ask the Ali brothers to withdraw their speeches suggesting violence but the talks failed.

1921 Dec.: GOVERNMENT REPRESSION

• Congress & Khilafat Volunteer Corps were declared unlawful.

21 Dec.: AHMEDABAD CONGRESS SESSION

• Presided over by CR Das while still in jail, Hakim Ajmal Khan was the acting President.

1922, 1st Feb.: GANDHI SENDS ULTIMATUM TO VICEROY

• Gandhi threatens with the mass civil-disobedience unless the government repression was abandoned & political prisoners were released.
• The Viceroy was unmoved.
• Gandhi decided to begin mass civil-disobedience & no-tax campaign from Bardoli taluka of Surat district.
• 5th February was fixed as the date of the launch.

1922, 5th Feb.: CHAURI-CHAURA VIOLENCE

• At Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP), a mob of angry peasants attacked a local police station & set it on fire, killing 22 policemen.
• Shocked by this incidence of violence, Gandhi withdrew the movement calling it a "Himalayan Blunder".
• Subhas Bose, in his autobiography "the Indian Struggle", called it a "National Calamity".

1922, 12th Feb.(Bardoli): CWC MEETING

• CWC endorses the withdrawal of the civil-disobedience movement, known as Bardoli Resolution.

1922, 10th March: GANDHI ARRESTED

• The trial was held before Mr. Broomfield.
• While passing the sentences the judge followed the precedent of the case of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, under the same section.
• Gandhi sentenced to 6 year's imprisonment & was lodged in Yerwada Jail, Poona.

1922, Nov.: END OF KHILAFAT ISSUE

• Mustafa Kamal Pasha declared Turkey as a secular state & later abolished the Caliphate itself (1924).
• Thus, ended the issue of the Khilafat the world over.