RISE OF AUTONOMOUS STATE
HYDERABAD, CARNATIC, BENGAL, AWADH.
After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the second major theme of the 18th-century Indian polity was the rise of an autonomous state. It signified a decentralization of power and not a power vacuum or political chaos.
From the debris of the Mughal Empire arose a large number of autonomous & semi-autonomous States which the British had to overcome before emerging supreme in India.
- Broadly three kinds of States arose:
Glimpse Capsule:-
Successor States: Hyderabad, Carnatic, Bengal, Awadh.
Regional
Powers
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Nawabs
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Important
Events
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Hyderabad (1724)
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Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah (1724 - 48)
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- 1713: Chin Qilich Khan was made Viceroy of the Deccan by Emperor Farrukhsiyar & given the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk.
- 1720: He assisted Mohammed Shah in killing the Sayyid brothers.
- 1722: He appointed wazir in the court of Mohammad Shah.
- 1724: He founded the independent state of Hyderabad in the Deccan.
- He founded the Asaf Jah dynasty.
- His successor came to be known as Nizams of Hyderabad.
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Carnatic (Early 18th century)
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Nawab Saadatullah Kha (1724 - 48)
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- He appointed his nephew Dost Ali as his successor.
- 1740: Marathas invaded the Carnatic, killed Nawab Dost Ali & took his Son-in-Law Chanda Sahib as a prisoner at Satara.
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Bengal (1717)
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Murshid Quli Khan (1717 - 27)
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- 1717: He became the first hold of the two offices of Nizam & Diwan of Bengal.
- Using this opportunity, he now declared himself = Nawab of Bengal.
- He shifted the capital from Dhaka to Murshidabad.
- He replaced the Mughal Jagirdari System with the system of Revenue Farming/Ijara/Malzamini system.
- His reign saw the rise of the new Elite classes i.e. Zamindari & Bankers. E.g. The House of the Jagat Seth.
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Alivardi Khan (1740 - 56)
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- He killed Sarfaraz Khan in the battle of Gheria & became Nawab.
- During his reign, payment of annual tribute to the emperor stopped.
- He agreed to pay Chauth & ceded Orissa to the Maratha.
- He faced challenges from the Afgan General, Mustafa Khan.
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| Siraj-ud-Daulah (1756 - 57) |
- He was defeated by the East India Company (EIC) in the Battle of Plassey (1857).
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Awadh (1722)
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Saadat Khan (1722- 39)
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- He subdued the rebellions zamindars of Awadh & was given the title Burhan-ul-Mulk by the emperor.
- He got his nephew and Son-in-law Safdar Jung recognized by the emperor as his deputy governor & made the province a hereditary possession.
- 1729: He was taken prisoner by Nadir Shah in the Battle of Karnal.
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Safdar Jung (1754- 75)
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- He and his successors popularly came to known as Nawab Wazirs.
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Shuja-ud-Daula (1754- 75)
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- 1761: He joined Abdali against the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat.
- 1764: He was defeated by the East India Company (IEC) in the Battle of Buxar.
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Asaf-ud-Daula (1775- 97)
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- He shifted the capital from Faizabad to Lucknow.
- He concentrated his energies in cultural pursuits, giving rise to a distinct Lucknow culture.
- He also built the famous monument- Bara Imambara.
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