Freedom and Partition of India

FREEDOM & PARTITION OF INDIA

Attlee's Announcement: (Setting the time limit for British Withdrawl)

• Year: 20th February 1947

• As per the announcement, the British would withdraw from India by 30th June 1948.

• Wavell would be replaced by Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy.

• The power could be transferred to more than one authority if the Constituent Assembly did not become fully representative, i.e. if the Muslim majority provinces did not join the constituent assembly.

Mountbatten Plan:

• Year: 3rd June 1947

• It declared that the transfer of power would take place by 15th August on the basis of dominion status to two successor states, India & Pakistan if the Legislative Assemblies of Bengal & Punjab voted in favor of partition.

• It also provided for a referendum in the NWFP & Sylhet (Assam), and for setting up of a Boundary Commission.

• The Indian States would be free to join any dominion they liked, India or Pakistan.

Indian Independence Act, 1947:

• Year: 18th July 1947

• The Act was passed by the Labour government of Clement Attlee after the Indian leaders agreed on the Mountbatten Plan, the last Plan for Independence.

• The Bill was introduced with the objective of transferring power to the people of India & received Royal assent on 18th July 1947.

Among other things, the Act stated the following:

• Pending of the adoption of a new constitution.

• As from 15th August 1947, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India & Pakistan.

• The boundaries between the two dominions shall be determined by Boundary Commission headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, hence also known as Radcliffe Commissions. 

• The existing Constituent Assembly of each Dominion would function as Dominion Legislature.

• Each Dominion shall be governed by the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935.

• For each of the new dominion, a new Governor-General was to be appointed by the British-Crown. Further, the same person could be Governor-General of both (Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of free India & Jinnah the first Governor-General of Pakistan).

• The Office of the Secretary of State was abolished & his work was to be taken over by the Secretary of Commonwealth Affairs. 

• The words 'Emperor of India' & 'Indian Emperor' were dropped from the Royal style & titles.

Independence Day:

• Year: 15th August 1947

• India woke up to the dual reality of Independence & Partition.

• Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as the first Prime Minister of free India.

• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became the Home Minister.

• Thus, was a born a new nation, ending nearly 200 years of British rule in India.

Fig: Map of Partition of India

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Jharkhand Ki Bhugarbhik Sanrachna (Geological Structure)

Jharkhand Ki Bhugarbhik Sanrachna

भूगर्भिक संरचना  (Geological Structure)

➤ झारखंड राज्य की भूगर्भिक संरचना (जियोलॉजिकल स्ट्रक्चर) में प्राचीनतम आर्कियान-कालीन चट्टानों 

से लेकर नवीनतम चतुर्थ कल्प कालीन जलोढ़ निक्षेपण तक पाए जाते हैं। 

➤झारखण्ड क्षेत्र अति प्राचीन संरचना गोंडवाना भूखंड का उत्तरी -पूर्वी क्षेत्र है।

➤यह क्षेत्र एक भूगर्भिक काल में अनेक भूगर्भिक हलचलों और परिवर्तनों को देखते रहे हैं।

➤झारखंड की भूगर्भिक संरचना का काल क्रमानुसार वितरण इस 

प्रकार है।

➤आर्कियान ग्रेनाइट-नीस और धारवाड़ की चट्टानें 

➤ आर्कियान ग्रेनाइट -नीस एवं धारवाड़ की चट्टानें इन्हें पृथक पैतृक चट्टान कहा जाता है।

➤जो झारखंड के लगभग 90% क्षेत्र में पाया जाता है।

➤ ग्रेनाइट चट्टानें  कहीं-कहीं नीस में बदल गई है,आर्कियान काल से ही इस तरह की चट्टानें यहां है।

➤ यह परत वालीचट्टानें पूर्वी एवं पश्चिमी सिंहभूम सरायकेला सिमडेगा एवं झारखंड के दक्षिण पूर्वी भाग में है।

 ➤ये चट्टानें आर्थिक दृष्टि से सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण है,क्योंकि इसमें प्रचुर मात्रा में खनिज मिलते हैं।

➤विध्वंस श्रेणी के चट्टानें

➤विध्वंस श्रेणी के चट्टानों इसमें बलुवा पत्थर या चुना पत्थर पाया जाता है।

➤इसमें भी परत होती हैं, ऐसी चट्टानें गढ़वा जिले के उत्तरी भाग में है।

 

➤गोंडवाना श्रेणी के चट्टानें 

➤गोंडवाना श्रेणी के चट्टानें दामोदर घाटी के तलछट से बनी इन चट्टानों में बलुवा पत्थर व कोयले की परतें होती है।

 

➤जब भूखण्डों  का विचलन होता है तो उनके बीच की भूमि धस जाती है और घाटी का निर्माण होता है।

 

➤उत्तरी कोयल की घाटी, गिरिडीह एवं राजमहल की पहाड़ियों में ऐसी चट्टानें मिलती हैं।

 

➤झारखंड के प्रमुख कोयला निक्षेपों का निर्माण इसी श्रेणी के चट्टानों  से हुआ है।

 
➤राजमहल ट्रैप और ढक्कन लावा की चट्टानें

➤राजमहल ट्रैप और ढक्कन  लावा के बहने से राजमहल ट्रैप बना तथा रुक-रुक कर दरारों से जो प्रवाह 

चला उसे ढक्कन लावा बना है।

 

➤ये ही अपक्षयित होकर लेटराइट और बॉक्साइट बन गए।

 

➤पाट  प्रदेश, साहिबगंज का उत्तर-पूर्वी भाग तथा पाकुड़ का पूर्वी भाग इसी जमाव का परिणाम है।

➤पलामू, गढ़वा,लोहरदगा व गुमला को पाट प्रदेश कहते हैं, इसकी ऊंचाई 900 मीटर है।

 

➤नवीनतम जलोढ़ निक्षेप

➤नवीनतम जलोढ़ निक्षेप  नदी घाटी क्षेत्रों में जलोढ़ निक्षेप से निर्मित संरचना पाई जाती हैं। 

➤इस तरह की संरचना झारखंड के सीमित क्षेत्रों जैसे की राजमहल के पूर्वीभाग ,सोन घाटी, स्वर्ण रेखा की

 निचली घाटी में पाए जाते हैं।

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Indian Constitutional Developement (1861-1920)

ACTS & IMPORTANT PROVISIONS

1861: THE INDIAN COUNCILS ACT, 1861

• The Governor-General's Executive Council was enlarged by the addition of a fifth member who was to be a jurist.

• For the purpose of the legislation, it enlarged the Central Council by addition of not less than 6 & not more than 12 additional members.

• There were to be nominated by the Governor-General & that at least half of them were to be non-officials. Under this provision, three Indians were usually nominated. Thus, it initiated a process of Indian association in legislation.

• The Act restored the legislative powers of the Councils of Bombay & Madras.

• The Act allowed the establishment of new Councils in other Provinces. Accordingly, Councils of Bengal (1862), North-Western Provinces (1886), and Burma & Punjab (1897) were established.

• Thus, it initiated recognition to issue ordinances in case of emergency.

• The Act provided for the decentralization of business. Using this authority, Lord Canning introduced the portfolio system in India for the first time, thus laying the foundation of the Cabinet System in India.

1892: THE INDIAN COUNCILS ACT, 1892

• In the Central Executive Council, the number of additional members was increased to not less than 10 and not more than 16. However, in the Centre as well as in provinces, the official majority was maintained.

• The Act empowered the Governor-General-in-Council to make regulations for the nomination of additional members. Under this provision, the Governor-General could introduce a half-hearted system of election (limited or indirect election), even as the provision itself very carefully avoided the use of the word "election".

• The introduction of the "elective principle", though veiled, was the as significant constitutional measure.

• The members of the Central Legislature were allowed to hold a discussion on the annual financial statement.

• Under the Act, many Indians entered the Councils. These included Pherozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, WC Banerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Ashutosh Mookerjee, Rash Behari Ghosh & Lalmohan Ghosh.

1909: MORLE-MINTO REFORMS, 1909

• The number of additional members was doubled or more than double and the maximum number in additional members in Governor-General's Council was raised to 60. 

• The Central Legislature was thus to comprise of 69 members.

• In the provinces, for the first time, a non-official majority was introduced.

• Of the 32 non-official seats, 5 were to be nominated by Governor-General while the remaining 27 were to be elected by the system of indirect election.

• It introduced the system of separate electorates for Muslims who were also given weightage, i.e. more seats were given to them than the number warranted by their proportion in the local population. They were also allowed to compete for seats to be elected by the general electorates.

• The member asking the original question was given the right to ask supplementary questions as well.

1919: MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS, 1919

• The Act began with a Preamble based on the "Montagu Declaration" of 20 August 1917.

• The Secretary of State for India was now to be paid by the British Exchequer.

• Some of his functions were also taken away & given to the High Commissioner of India.

• In the Governor-General's Executive Council, three Indians would be included.

• Bicameral Legislative was established at the Centre namely, the Indian Legislative Assembly & the Council of State.

The Indian Legislative Assembly (Lower House):

• It was to consists of 145 members.
• The Act introduced the system of direct election for the first time.
• The system of communal electorate continued & was extended to Sikhs also.

The Council of State (Upper House):

• It was to consists of 60 members.
• The members were called "Honorable". Women were not allowed to become a member of the House.

• The right to ask supplementary questions was extended to all members of the legislature.

• The Governor-General was given the power of certification.

• Under the Act, Provincial Autonomy was introduced for the first time.

• The independent powers of the provinces were defined in the "Devolution Rules".

• Accordingly, two lists were drawn- The central list & Provincial list. Residual power was vested in the Governor-General-in Council.

• The system of Dyarchy was introduced in the provinces & the responsibility for certain subjects of the government was transferred to the Indian hands (Transferred list) while control over others was reserved in British hands (Reserved list).

• Governor acted as the link between two halves of the Executive.

• The instrument of Instructions was the document that laid down the basis of relations between the provincial governors & ministers.

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Quit India Movement

QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT:

1939: OUTBREAK OF WW-II

• September 1, 1939
• Viceroy Linlithgow unilaterally declared India as a belligerent state on the British side.

1939: CWC MEETING, WARDHA

• September 10th-14th, 1939
• Congress finally decided to adopt Nehru's view & extend conditional support to the British.

1939: VICEROY LINLITHGOW'S STATEMENT

• October 17th, 1939
• The British government refused to make any promises & commit itself in advance on the post-war constitutional status of India.
• Talked about setting up of a "consultative committee".

1939: CONGRESS MINISTERS RESIGN

• October 22nd, 1939
• Congress Ministers resign to protest against Britain's unilateral decision of dragging India into the war.
• Provincial governments continued in 4 provinces- Assam, Sindh, Punjab & Bengal.

1939: DAY OF DELIVERANCE

• December, 22nd 1939
• Muslim League celebrates "day of deliverance" upon the resignation of Congress Ministers.

1940: PAKISTAN RESOLUTION, LAHORE

• March 1940
• Muslim League passed the Pakistan Resolution calling the formation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims.

1940: RAMGARH CONGRESS SESSION

• March 1940
• Presided by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
• A resolution was passed which declared that a civil disobedience movement shall be launched as soon as the Congress organization is considered fit enough for the purpose.
• A coalition of various Left-wing groups who got together & held an anti-compromise conference at Ramgarh under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose & resolved to prepare themselves for a militant struggle.

1940: AUGUST OFFER

• August, 8th 1940
• For the first time, the inherent right of Indians to frame their own constitution was recognized & the demand for Constituent Assembly was conceded.

1940: INDIVIDUAL STAYAGRAHA

• Acharya Vinoba Bhave became the First Satyagrahi.
• He was to deliver an anti-war speech village after village while moving in the direction of Delhi, thus initiating a movement that came to be known as the "Delhi Chalo" movement.
• Bhave delivered his first anti-war speech Paunar village near Wardha.
• Later, Jawaharlal Nehru became the second individual Satyagrahi.

1942: CRIPPS MISSION

• March 22nd, 1940
• In March, Japan occupied Rangoon bringing the war to India's doorstep which forced the British to send Cripps Mission to India.
• Prime Minister Winston Churchill sent the leader of the House of Commons, Sir Stafford Cripps, with the aim of securing India's active support in the war effort.
• Cripps declared that the aim of the new British policy in India was 'the earliest possible realization of self-government in India'.
• Proposed included- Dominion Status, Constituent Assembly, Right of Non-Accession of Provinces, Right of Secession of provinces, Protection of racial & linguistic minorities & British control over the defense.
• Gandhi rejected the proposals calling the Cripps offer for Dominion Status after the war as 'a poet dated cheque on a crashing bank'.
• Cripps adopted a 'take it or leave it' attitude which added to the deadlock.

1942: CWC MEETING AT WARDHA

• July 14th, 1942
• The CWC adopted the Quit India Resolution which was to be later ratified by the AICC in its Bombay meeting.

1942: QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT (QIM)

• August 18th, 1942
• AICC met at Gowalia Tank Maidan, Bombay & ratified the Quit India Resolution.
• The next day morning, all prominent leaders of the Congress, including Gandhi, were arrested.
• Hence what arose was a spontaneous movement that began taking its own course, with people directing their own actions.

1943: PAKISTAN DAY

• March 23rd, 1943
• Even as the QIM, continued the League observed the 'Pakistan Day' & also adopted a new slogan 'Divide & Quit'.

1944: RAJAGOPALACHARI FORMULA

• March, 1944
• It was the formula to bring about Congress-League Cooperation, accepting the 'idea of Pakistan' on the basis of a plebiscite or referendum after the war.
• The formula was developed with the full approval of Gandhi.

1945: DESAI-LIAQUAT PLAN

• June, 1945
• It proposed the formation of an Interim Government at the Centre, consisting of an equal number of persons nominated by the Congress & the League in the Central Legislature.

1945: CONGRESS LEADERS RELEASED FROM JAIL

• June 14th, 1945
• On 8th May 1945, the war in Europe ended with the surrender of Germany
• The Congress leaders were released from jail in anticipation of the Shimla Conference, making the official end of the Quit Indian Movement.

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Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movement

KHILAFAT & NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT:

1919-22: KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

• The First World-War (WWI) ended with the "Treaty of Versailles".
• Victorious British dethroned the Sultan of Turkey who was regarded as the "Khalifa or Caliph".
• Indian Muslims organize the Khalifa Movement.

Aim of Khalifa Movement:

• The Khalifa's position should be restored.
• The Khalifa's control over the Muslim sacred places should be retained.
• In territorial adjustments after the war, Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories.

1919 (Bombay): KHILAFAT COMMITTEE

• Leaders: Ali Brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Harsat Mohani, Dr. MA Ansari.

1919 Nov. (Delhi): ALL INDIA KHILAFAT CONFERENCE

• Dr. Harsat Mohani made a call for a boycott of British goods & non-cooperation with the British government.

1920: ALLIANCE WITH CONGRESS

• Gandhi appointed as the President of the All India Khilafat Committee.
• Till May 1920, Gandhi was still moderate but afterward hardened with the publication of the terms of the treaty with Turkey & the Hunter Committee Report on Punjab disturbances.

1920 June (Allahabad): CENTRAL KHILAFAT COMMITTEE MEET

• Attended by both Congress & Khilafat Leaders.
• Ultimatum gave to the government-unless the Khilafat & Punjab wrongs were undone, the movement shall be launched from 1st August 1920.
• Tikal proposed Hindu-Muslim alliances over a religious question.

1920, 1st Aug.: NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

• Non-Cooperation movement launched.
• Tilak passes away.

1920, 20th Dec. (Nagpur): NAGPUR CONGRESS SESSION

• President C.Vijayraghavachariar.
• CR Das turns from a critic to Gandhi's supporter & moves the main resolution on Non-Cooperation Resolution of Non-Violent Non-Cooperation endorsed with the triple purpose of Non-Cooperation as the follows:
• A satisfactory resolution to the Khilafat question.
• Redressal of the Punjab wrongs, and
• Attainment of Swaraj.

• A detailed program of Non-Cooperation was suggested, to be put into force at a time decided by the Congress.
• A new constitution of the Congress Party (handwork of Gandhi himself) was adopted.
• Gandhi gave the slogan, "Swaraj in one year".
• Mohammad Ali Jinnah, GS Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal & Annie Besant left the Congress, they still believed in the lawful methods of the agitation.

1921 Jan.-March: FIRST PHASE OF NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT

• Emphasis was on the boycott of schools, colleges, law courts & promotion of Charkha.
• CR Das played a key role in encouraging a boycott. 
• Subhas Chandra Bose became the Principal of the National College in Calcutta.
• Many leading lawyers gave up their remunerative legal practices. Lawyers were Motilal Nehru, CR Das, MR Jayakar, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, C.Rajagopalachari, T.Prakasam & Asif Ali.

1921 April-June: SECOND PHASE

• The main focus on raising One Crore Rupees for Tilak Swaraj Fund.

1921 Jul. onwards: THIRD PHASE

• The main emphasis was on the boycott of the visit of the Prince of Wals in November & boycott of foreign cloth.
• Congress Volunteer Corps acted as parallel police.

1921 May: GANDHI-READING TALKS

• Viceroy Reading tried to persuade Gandhi to ask the Ali brothers to withdraw their speeches suggesting violence but the talks failed.

1921 Dec.: GOVERNMENT REPRESSION

• Congress & Khilafat Volunteer Corps were declared unlawful.

21 Dec.: AHMEDABAD CONGRESS SESSION

• Presided over by CR Das while still in jail, Hakim Ajmal Khan was the acting President.

1922, 1st Feb.: GANDHI SENDS ULTIMATUM TO VICEROY

• Gandhi threatens with the mass civil-disobedience unless the government repression was abandoned & political prisoners were released.
• The Viceroy was unmoved.
• Gandhi decided to begin mass civil-disobedience & no-tax campaign from Bardoli taluka of Surat district.
• 5th February was fixed as the date of the launch.

1922, 5th Feb.: CHAURI-CHAURA VIOLENCE

• At Chauri-Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP), a mob of angry peasants attacked a local police station & set it on fire, killing 22 policemen.
• Shocked by this incidence of violence, Gandhi withdrew the movement calling it a "Himalayan Blunder".
• Subhas Bose, in his autobiography "the Indian Struggle", called it a "National Calamity".

1922, 12th Feb.(Bardoli): CWC MEETING

• CWC endorses the withdrawal of the civil-disobedience movement, known as Bardoli Resolution.

1922, 10th March: GANDHI ARRESTED

• The trial was held before Mr. Broomfield.
• While passing the sentences the judge followed the precedent of the case of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, under the same section.
• Gandhi sentenced to 6 year's imprisonment & was lodged in Yerwada Jail, Poona.

1922, Nov.: END OF KHILAFAT ISSUE

• Mustafa Kamal Pasha declared Turkey as a secular state & later abolished the Caliphate itself (1924).
• Thus, ended the issue of the Khilafat the world over.

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Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (1930-34)

1929: LAHORE CONGRESS SESSION

• December 1929
• Congress authorized to start CDM.

1930: GANDHI'S ELEVEN POINTS

• Gandhi placed 'Eleven Points' of administrative reforms before Lord Irwin & tried to negotiate with the government once again before launching the CDM.

1930: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE BEGINS

• Gandhi started his historic 'Dandi March' from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (240 miles, 24 days), accompanied by 78 followers & thus began CDM.

1930: GANDHI BREAKS SALT LAW

• 6th April 1930
• Gandhi reached Dandi, picked up a handful of salt & broke the salt law as a symbol of defiance to British Laws.
• C Rajagopalachari led a slat march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranyam on the Tanjore coast.
• Forms of protest included salt manufacture & resignations on a wide scale, boycott of foreign cloth & liquor, non-payment of land revenue in Ryotwari areas, anti-Chowkidari tax movement in Zamindari areas (Bihar), & Forest Satyagraha, i.e. peaceful violation of forest laws.

1930: CHITTAGONG ARMOURY RAID

• 18th April 1930
• Carried out by the Bengal revolutionaries led by Surya Sen.

• ROLE OF KHAN ABDUL GAFFAR KHAN:
• Khan had been active in NWFP for several years & had set up a band of non-violent revolutionaries, the Khudai Khidmatgars (Servants of God) or the Red Shirts (because of the color of their shirts) who played an active role in the CDM.

• ANTI-CUNNINGHAM CIRCULAR AGITATION:
• In Assam, a powerful agitation by students the infamous 'Cunningham Circular' was launched which prohibited students from participating in political activities associated with the national movement.

• NON-REVENUE NO-RENT CAMPAIGN:
• Was started in UP, Agra & Rae-Bareilly emerged as important centers.
• The participation of women was the most remarkable feature of CDM.

1930-31: FIRST RTC (LONDON)

• Chaired by British PM Ramsay MacDonald of the labor party.
• First conference between the Indians & the British as equals.
• Boycotted by Congress as it had launched the CDM, its proceedings proved to be quite meaningless & the British government grew anxious to secure Congress participation.
• It recommended- 1.) Formation of an All India Federation of British Indian Provinces & the Indian States. 2.) A responsible government at the center with certain 'reservations & safeguards' for the transitional period.
• In all, three RTCs were held in London to discuss the Indian constitutional question.
• INC participated only in the 2nd RTC.
• Ambedkar attended all the three RTCs.

1931: GANDHI RELEASED

• 25th January 1931
• The truce period begins.

1931: GANDHI-IRWIN TALK INITIATED

• 14th February 1931
• By the efforts of Sir TB Sapru & Sir MR Jayakar.

1931: GANDHI-IRWIN PACT (DELHI PACT)

• End of First Phase of CDM
• The fortnight-long talks culminated in the Delhi Pact.
• In context to the pact, Sarojini Naidu termed as 'The Two Mahatmas'.
• The pact was signed by Gandi on behalf of the Congress & by Irwin on behalf of the government on an equal footing.
• As per the Pact, the Congress agreed to withdraw the CDM immediately & participate in the next RTC.

1931: SPECIAL CONGRESS SESSION AT KARACHI

• 29th March 1931
• It was called to ratify the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
• It was presided by Sardar Patel.
• Adopted resolutions on Fundamental Rights (Jawaharlal Nehru with the help of M.N.Roy) & National Economic Programme.

1931: CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT

• April-August 1931
• Lord Irwin replaced by Lord Willingdon as Viceroy
• MacDonald's Labour Cabinet was replaced by a new coalition government dominated by the Conservatives.
• Sir Samuel Hoare:  he became Secretary of State for India.
• The changed government adopted a hardened stand, saw the Delhi pact as a mistake.

1931: SECOND RTC (LONDON)

• September-December 1931
• Congress participated & was represented by Gandhi.
• Gandhi gave a create Blanche to Jinnah, yet the communal problem could not be resolved.

1931: GOVERNMENT REPRESSION

• September 1931
• While India was away to London, Willingdon decided to launch a hard & immediate blow to the revival of the national movement.
• The policy of 'Civil martial law' was launched & involved the passing of sweeping ordinances banning all Congress organizations.
• Gandhi was arrested as soon as he returned from the RTC (4th January 1932).

1931: GANDHI RETURNED FROM LONDON

• 28th December 1931
• Gandhi returned to a changed political situation.

1931: SECOND CDM LAUNCHED

• 4th January 1932
• Gandhi was arrested & the movement was effectively crushed within a few months.
• Afterward, it just lingered on.

1932: COMMUNAL AWARD

• MacDonald announced the proposal on minority representation, known as the Communal Awards.
• It declared depressed classes as the minority & entitled them to separate electorate.
• Congress strongly disagreed with the communal award, yet it decided neither to accept nor reject it.
• 20th Septemeber 1932, Gandhi (in Yerwada jail) sat on a fast unto death to oppose the Communal Award.

1932: POONA PACT

• 24th September 1932
• It was concluded betweenh Gandi & Ambedkar with the efforts of Ambedkar, MC Rajah & Madan Mohan Malviya.

1932: THIRD RTC

• November-December 1932
• It was attended by only 46 delegates & boycotted by the INC as well as the Labour Party in Britain.
• In March 1933, a White Paper was published & contained four major proposals-Federation, Provincial Autonomy, dyarchy at the center & safeguards.
• White Paper later became the basis of the Govt. of India Act, 1935.

1934: CDM WITHDRAWN

• April 1934
• In May 1933, Gandhi temporarily suspended the movement & formally withdrew it in April 1934.

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Jharkhand Ke Garam Jalkund(Jharkhand's Hot Springs)

Jharkhand Ke Garam Jalkund

➤झारखंड में गर्म जलकुंड

➤झारखंड में  बहुत सारे गर्म जलकुंड मिलते हैं। 

➤ जहां भूमि का जल स्तर और धरातल का प्रतिच्छेदन  हो जाता है, वहां धरती का जल स्तर बाहर निकलने लगता है जिससे गर्म जलकुंड या हॉट स्प्रिंग्स कहते हैं। 

  

➤इन जल कुण्डों का सम्बन्ध मृत ज्वालामुखी या भूगर्भ में स्थित रेडियो सक्रिय खनिजों से होता है। 

 

➤इस जल कुंडों में पर्याप्त मात्रा में खनिज लवण, गंधक आदि मिले होते हैं। 

➤इन जल कुंडों  के जलो में रोगनाशक शक्ति पाई जाती है। 

विशेषकर गठिया , गठियाजनित रोगों ,खून की कमी एवं कमजोरी को दूर करने में उपयोग करते है।  

➤झारखण्ड के प्रमुख गर्म जल कुंड 

➤सूरजकुंड :- हजारीबाग जिले में बड़हाथा (बरेठा)  से 2 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर स्थित (तापमान 88 पॉइंट 5 डिग्री सेल्सियस) भारत का सर्वाधिक गर्म कुंड हजारीबाग जिले में स्थित है।

➤कावा  :- हजारीबाग जिले में स्थित है।

➤चरकखुद्रा :-  धनबाद गिरिडीह मार्ग पर टुंडी से 10 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बसे चरकखुद्रा  गांव में स्थित है।

➤झरियापानी :- दुमका जिले के गोपीकंदर के पास स्थित है। 

➤टाईगर प्रताप :- हजारीबाग जिले में बराकर नदी पर स्थित है।

➤ततलोय :- दुमका में प्लासी के पास भुरभुरी नदी के तट पर स्थित है।

➤ तपात पानी :-  दुमका में कुमराबाद के पास मोर नदी के तट पर स्थित है। 

➤तातापानी :- लातेहार जिला में स्थित है।

➤तेतुलिया :- धनबाद से 7 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर दामोदर नदी के तट पर स्थित है।

➤दुआरी :- चतरा जिले में स्थित है के पास स्थित है।

➤नुनबेल :- दुमका में केनालगुटा के पास स्थित है। 

➤ बारा  झरना :- दुमका-भागलपुर मार्ग पर दुमका से 9 किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बसे बारा  गांव में स्थित है।

➤बारामासिया :- पाकुड़  जिले के महेशपुर प्रखंड में बिरकी के पास स्थित है। 

➤भुमका :-  रानीबहल के निकट मोर नदी के तट पर स्थित है। 

➤रानीबहल :- दुमका सूरी मार्ग पर रानीबहाल में मोर  नदी के तट पर स्थित है।

➤लाडला उदाह:-  पाकुड़  में बोरु नदी के तट पर स्थित है।

➤शिवपुरसोता :- पाकुड़  जिले के महेशपुर प्रखंड के अंतर्गत शिवपुर ग्राम में अवस्थित है।

➤ हुटार :- उत्तरी कोयल बेसिन क्षेत्र में स्थित है।

➤हरहद :- हजारीबाग जिले में स्थित है।

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