Doklo Sohor (Khadia) Governance System - JPSC/ JSSC

Doklo Sohor (Khadia) Governance System

The Khadia is a prominent tribe of Jharkhand. They belong to proto-australoid. The language is Khadia, in which words of Mundari, Oraon, and Aryan languages are also found. This caste is spread in Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi (in Jharkhand), Odisha, Chattisgarh state. Most of the people in Jharkhand are in the Neeru region (Simdega). Their origin is said to be Ro Jung. 

There are three types of Khadia:

• Pahari Khadia
• Dood Khadia
• Dhelki Khadia. 

Among these Khadia people, all the residents of a single village belong to a gotra. The village has Mahto, Pahans, and Kartahas. In an area, the traditional self-government system of Kharia people includes Mahto, Pahan, Kartaha.

Mahto: 

• Mahto is the main person of villages. The ones who settled in the village are given the title of Mahto by calling them the main person of the village. This dynasty is a traditional term. But they can be changed with the consent of the villagers.

Pahan: 

• The person who performs Puja in the village festival is called Pahan (Kalo). They are called for marriage and public gatherings/festivals such as Fagu Puja, Karma Puja, New crop worship, well, tree-marriage, etc. This designation is also traditional but can also be changed.

Kartaha:

• Each village has a Kartaha. A person who knows the customs of his caste accurately, a proposal to put an appointment to the post of Kartaha. For selection, Khadia elders from each family gather at a place, who select Karataha. 

• Function: as an advisor. The villagers work with the advice and permission of the same. The decision of the village quarrel and the settlement of the troubles also do the same. His essential task to call peoples' meetings and solve the problems of the village. When a family is declared impure in the village, then its purification of such family is done by the Kartaha.

• He is not paid any salary from the village for this post.

• Removal: the person is removed from his position if he does not follow the rule himself. 

Gram Panchayat:

• The village quarrel is settled by convening meetings in the village in the presence of Mahto, Pahan, and the village elders.  

• The presence of the village Mahto is necessary for this meeting. Land and property disputes are settled in the main role of Mahto. 

• Punishment is decided by consensus. Barring murder, other serious cases are dealt with by Mahto and other elders of the village. 

• It is considered a crime to have sexual intercourse with a boy or girl in the same village. For this, severe punishment is given by society.

• Punishment: If there is a case of quarrel or unethical behavior, then one party gives Khassi and another party gives Hadiya & Bhaat as a fine. Iqararnaama is written after making a Rajinama before food. 

Societal Governance:

• The Khadia consists of total of nine gotras: Dungdung, Kullu, Tete, Baa, Kerketta, Soreng, Kindo, Toppo, Bilung. 

• All the nearby tribes of villages get together to form a regional administration mechanism, which is known as Khunt, to dissolve disputes among themselves. Their president is selected among the Kartaha, the post is called 'Khadia Ghat'.

Around 1934-35 AD when the entire tribal society was awakening with the development of education, at the same time the leaders of the Khadia caste also formed the All India General Assembly to organize, empower and solve their problems. It is known as Doklo. The chairman of Doklo, who is the king of the entire Khadia society, is called 'Doklo Sohor'. 

In the Khadia language, Doklo= meeting. In Doklo, prominent representatives of all the regions- Mahto, Pahan, and Kartaha gather. Kartahas make all the arrangements to call a meeting. These people gather once a year. In this meeting, the people of the Khadia tribe elect Doklo Sohor.

Doklo Sohor (Khadia Raja):

• Tenure: 3 years.

• Function: any problem related to more than one village or gotra is resolved under the chairmanship of Doklo Sohor. The work of organizing and strengthening the Khadia society is also done. 

• Act as the representative of the Khadia society in a broadway.

• The Kartaha of each village informs the Khadia Raja (Sohor) of the incident in their respective village and with the permission of the King, Kartaha resolves the village problems or quarrels. The village presents the report to the King after deciding the quarrel, etc. 

• Khadia Raja has also the secretory (Lekhakar), Khazanchi (Tinjaukad), and advisor (Dewan). 

• The secretory prepares the report and keeps track of the Khazanchi Khadia Fund. 

• The king decided himself with his ministers in large cases. Determines fines based on litigation. After the verdict comes, the king uses come part of the money received as salary for his ministers. 

The Khadia Mahasabha President, with the advice of the dignitaries of the Khadia community, always strived for the progress of this society.

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Parha Panchayat Governance System- JPSC/ JSSC

Parha Panchayat Governance System

The Oraon tribe is important and populous in Jharkhand. Their social and political system is very strong. When Oraon settled in the Chotanagpur region, every family or clan chose a suitable part of the forest and cleared the forests, and made their cultivable land. They have made huts/ cottage on it, this way the villages were settled. The first forest cleaners were called 'Bhuinhar' to build the farm. Later, Oraon Jeths are called Raiyat. 

Clan History:

• Among the Oraon tribe the word 'Bhuinhar'= lord of the land, their land was called 'Bhuinhar Bhoomi'. The Bhuinhars are the descendants of the pioneer families who cleared the forest and brought the particular areas under cultivation to become owners. Some called the villages inhabited by them as far as 'Bhuinhar' village. 

• The Bhuinhar khunt (maximal lineage) comprise the segments: Pahan Khunt & Mahato Khunt. The person who was appointed as the agent for the management and operation of the village for performing religious functions, called 'Pahan' and the family belongs to called 'Pahan Khunt'. Pahan continued to do both administrative and religious work and in the exercise of his secular duties, a second chief was selected to assist him, called 'Mahto'. 

• Authority in the Bhuinhari lineage comprises of these two offices the Pahan or Baigas (the village priest) and the Mahto (secular head) are derived from their spiritual status and from their seniority in the hierarchy of lineage elders. Great prestige and respect is attached to the status of the Pahan and Mahto and to avoid disputes these officers are selected triennially or in a few instances at a longer interval by the magic sup (winnowing basket). It is believed that the selection of these officers rests in supernatural hands so that the headship is selected through a ritual process and is believed to have a spiritual backing. A bachelor can not be a Pahan. Dasara (Mahto) runs the village.

• They have no taxation, levy, or any financial rights. All authority is embedded in Panchayats and Panchs, whose approval and consent can only do something about it.

Functions of;

• Pahan: primarily religious. It is believed that he has a sacred association with the earth and the ancestors which gives him ritual power. 

• Mahto: secular head of the village and area of work became the administrative management. Usually, the most influential person among the lineage heads is elected as Mahto. The Mahto leadership is an ancestral heritage and hence a person elected must belong to the Mahto Khunt. He is responsible for the protection of the village community from external threats and hence his duty is to maintain a satisfactory relationship with the outside world. He is the chief organizer of all important public work in the village. He must be informed of all the important affairs that concern the whole lineage and the village community in general.

Gram Panchyat:

• The Panchayat was formed to resolve a dispute with the growing population in the village, in which all senior members were Panch and Mahto was its President.

• The need to work together for protection from natural and extraterritorial enemies in the surrounding villages was realized, as a result of which the 'Parha' organization stood on the lines of hunting, whose base, rather than the group of relatives, became a local nexus. The Parha, as it exists today, is a united community of several nearby neighboring villages, whose central organization is 'Parha Panch'.

• The Parha is formed by combining 7, 12, 21, or 22 villages. The head of which is called 'Raja'. Now the due to the partial disintegration of this system, the number of villages in Parha has been reduced to 5, 4, or 3. 

• One of the villages in Parha is called 'Raja village', Dasre village as 'Diwan village' and the third one Panere village called 'Chauth village'. Kotwar village and the remaining villages 'Parha village'. Every village has its own special function.

• The Gram Panchayat resolves the internal disputes within the village. This includes cases of property division, marriage disputes, sexual offense, prohibition violations, sometimes assault and theft. 

• In case of any disputes, the senior members of the village (panch) gather at Akhara or another designated place. Godait calls the complainant and the plaintiff on both sides. Witnesses are heard from both. There is also the practice of swearing and rigorous scrutiny. Panches are decided by consensus. The penalty is given if the crime is proved. 

• If the witch's case is found to be true, she is expelled from the village. The penalty money is spent on food and wine.

• Disputes of one village with another village are settled in the Parha. The final decision of boycott of caste takes place and also allows for re-entry.

Functions of Parha;

• Works for various societal welfares like human-inhumane, protection from natural and supernatural threats, disasters, organizing cultural functions, such as potted dance, mass poaching, etc.

In a special situation, a village leaves one parha and joins another, but there is no break with the old Parha. It is called 'Doodh-Bhaiya' village. The inclusion of such Doodh-Bhaiya villages leads to a larger organization or union than Parha, which is called 'Antarparha'.

Now, Oraon has become a government panchayat in villages. Political consciousness has developed in them.

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Munda Manki Governance System & Wilkinson Rule - JPSC/ JSSC

Munda Manki Governance System 

The 'Ho' tribe is the fourth largest tribe in Jharkhand in terms of population. Their cluster is in Kolhan. Their social and political system has a unique identity. There is a Panchayat in Ho village, which resolves the village disputes. Serious allegations are brought before the Gram Panchayat. 

Socio-culture:

• Having sexual intercourse with blood relations is considered a serious offense. For this, the offender is punished by social exclusion.

• Witch practice is found here. If there is a shred of strong evidence related to a woman being a witch, in such a situation, the said woman is severely punished.

• Food and drink are also strictly prohibited by other castes. The offender is caste out of the gotra for this crime but is included in the caste on the feast. Penalties in the form of cash or material are incurred for ordinary offenses which are used on mass celebrations.

Gram Panchayat:

Family disputes, village disputes, property matters are also settled by the Panchayat.

• Munda= the head of the village.

• Dakua= the assistant of Munda.

• Peed= an inter-state panchayat of many villages or subdivisions.

• Manki= the head of the Peed. 

• There are usually 5-10 villages in a victim. Some victims have more villages and more than a standard. In the Gram Panchayat, all the heads of the family are involved in the decision-making.

• Munda of all villages participates in the interstate panchayat. The decision of the panchayat is often valid. At present, the existence of government panchayat is also seen in the 'Ho' region.

British Invasion:

• After the fall of Mughal rule, the British declared this area in the district of Bengal. Singhbhum continued to operate from Lohardaga in the present Jharkhand state, but could not recover tax from Singhbhum.

• 1830-32: There was a rebellion (Kol rebellion) in protest against tax collection ad arbitrariness of the British. The Kol-tribe is also called Ho-tribe.

• 1837: After the suppression of the rebellion, a settlement was reached between the company and the tribals. The settlement resulted in the "Wilkinson Rule". Sir Captain Thomas Wilkinson was commissioner at the time. In the same year, he declared the governor as the agent of all the Munda (village head) of Kolhan and as the king of their villages and it was said that all Mankis and Mundas would be hereditary as before.  

• Munda's work: After the British subjugated the Singhbhum region, it was announced that the Munda people collect 1-rupee tax from their village and deposit 12-ana out of 1-rupee as tax.

• Manki's work: Manki will deposit the tax collected from his subordinate Munda people to the government's tresury.

• As before, Manki and Munda were also allowed to keep 2 to 3 dakuas as a peon with them, to help them in their work. Half the punishment was paid to the dakuas as their remuneration and half the amounts were used for the wellness of the haatu (gram).

The Wilkinson's Rule:

A British-era instrument to control the Kolhan region, comprising now West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum, and Saraikela- Kharsawan districts of Jharkhand.

• Chotangapur came under British control after Sir Robert Clive defeated the joint forces of Nawabs of Oudh and Bengal, supported by Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, in the battle of Buxar in 1765. The British entered into an agreement with the local kings, to collect rent on their behalf. Later, the king of Porhat, now a town in Chaibasa, promised the British higher revenue if he was given control. The British agreed. 

• In 1832, however, the Kol tribe rose in rebellion against the high rent and usurpation of their land by outsiders. The then British agent for the Kolhan region, Sir Thomas Wilkinson, decided to occupy the area by force. For three months, the Kols fought, but the rebellion was quashed.

• 1n 1837 though, Wilkinson decided that Kolhan be declared a 'Kolhan Separate Estate' headquarter in Chaibasa. He came out with what was called 'Wilkinson's Rule', under which 32 provisions and traditional customary laws of Munda-Manaki would continue to be followed. While the Munda were responsible for civil issues at the village level, Manaki, one per gram panchayat, looked after criminal issues.

• With the success of Munda-Manki Mahasabha, Captain Wilkinson wrote the panel system, cultural traditions, and the new tax system prevalent in Kolhan. The matter which Munda could not resolve was settled by Manki. Manki also had to monitor his subordinate Munda people. 

• Small criminal cases were also included in Wilkinson's Rule. Murder and robbery were kept out of it. 

• Whereas Munda Manki had a fair knowledge of the justice system and the general public had a strong belief in the same, Wilkinson's Rule was quite successful.

The history of the 'Ho' has been glorious. The then British officers have written that the people of Kolhan can not be won by fighting. Something can happen by way of consent. Only then, through the Wilkinson's Rule, the British made a treaty with them and their self-government system was recognized. 'Ho' tribes struggled for their identity. Even today this region is a vibrant land of tribal self-government.

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Nagvanshi Governance System - JPSC/JSSC

Nagvanshi Governance System

In the first century (64 AD), the Munda monarchy (kingship) was transferred to the Nagvanshis. The first king of the Nagavanshi Phanimukut Rai did not abolish the Parha system nor made any changes, but tried to expand it. 

Historical Background:

• Phanimukut  Rai (ruled from 83 AD to 162 AD) was then adopted by Madra Munda, and his successors were called Nagvanshi. 

• The term Naga, Nagavansh, Pundarika, and Pundra denotes the tribal clan that was centered around the Chotanagpur region which is now a part of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Bengal. 

• Pundarika Naga was the father of the famed Phanimukut Rai. Pundarika Naga (the serpent) could assume the human form but like the 'churail'= spirit of the woman who died at childbirth, who can not change their heel from back to front, could not change the forked tongue. Pundarika Naga was thus either a symbol or spirit and not a snake or human being. Snake or any other animal, other than a human being can not learn scriptures or magic.

• Pithoria was the capital of Chotanagpur's Nagvanshi dynasty founder Phanimukut Rai. Before this dynasty, tribal ruler Maharaja Madra Munda had founded his capital here around 500 BC.

• Khukragarh (Bero block of Ranchi), excavation of coins and pottery proved that 18th Nagavanshi ruler Bhim Karn founded his capital in Khukragarh.

In the era of Nagvanshas, the previous tax system, land system, and government system continued to like all Mundas. There were no changes in this system from the 1st century to the 16th century But the first effective interruption in this tradition began from the Mughal invasion period i.e. 1585 AD.

Mughal Invasion and Tax System:

• The Mughal army began to keep an eye on the kings here at Chotanagpur and later it gradually assumed a regular form, which came to be known as 'Malgujari'. 

• The practice of collective taxes/goods in the Nagvanshi period was not from the common ryots. Therefore, it was difficult for the Nagvanshi kings to give the Mughal rulers the goods of the entire kingdom.

• Maharaja Durjan Shal of Chota Nagpur Khas was imprisoned in 1616 AD and was kept by Jahangir for 12 years in the Gwalior fort. 

• Durjan Shal was freed from captivity based on consent to pay a tax of rupees 6,000/- annually.

• The tax of the Nagvanshi kings went increasing. But there was no provision for taxing its subjects. Due to the constantly increasing tax volume, the Nagavanshi kings changed their ancient system and started collecting taxes.

• The Nagvanshi kings called the principal standards of the Parha as Bhumihar and ordered to recover the goods. Later the kings kept their separate vassals (bondsman) and authorized them to collect the goods. This made the situation of Bhumihars even more pathetic.

• The vassals used to collect tax, but it was not given regularly. It was given only when a Mughal emperor sought it. This irregular tax system was called 'Nazrana' or 'Offerings'.

British Invasion:

• The arrival of the British came after the Mughals found Diwani in 1765. As soon as they arrived, these people placed the area under Fort William under the system of Patna Council.

• When no regular tax was received from this area till 1773 AD, then S.G. Hittley was appointed the first collector from Chota Nagpur Khas. But this too was not successful in tax collection. 

• The British adopted many other methods of collecting taxes, but they did not achieve complete success.

• In 1793 AD, the Raja-Maharajas were made zamindars on the pretext of permanent settlement for regular tax collection. 

• Jagirdari system changed into Zamindari system. This was an important change. with this system, the rule of the Mundas and Nagavansh, which had been in existence since ancient times came to an end, and the British Raj system came into force.

• The King or the Maharajas remained a medium to collect taxes for the British, after which the law and order of the British began. 

• New laws & regulations started coming in, in which the King-Maharajas, Munda-Manak, Padha-Panchayat, etc. merged here. Along with the whole country, Chota Nagpur also came under the British and the rule of Nagavanshi kings ended.

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Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1919)- JPSC/JSSC

Tana Bhagat Movement (1914-1919)

• Tana Bhagat movement was a tribal uprising of a section of the Tana Bhagats and Oraon tribes under the leadership of Jatra Oraon occurring during the late colonial period in the Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand (then Bihar). 
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• This movement originated along with the Birsa Movement. It was a multi-dimensional movement, as its leaders came forward on the issues of their social identity, religious traditions, and human rights. 

• Tana Bhagat was not an individual, but a branch of the Oraon tribe, who had adopted the Kudukh religion. They opposed the taxes imposed on them by the British and they staged a Satyagraha (Civil disobedience movement) even before Gandhi's Satyagraha movement. They opposed the Zamindars, the moneylenders, the missionaries, the Muslims, and the British. Tana Bhagats are a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and believes in Ahimsa (Non-violence).

A Course of Movement:

• The condition of Tana Bhagtas was extremely pathetic and they mostly carried out labor works. From morning to evening, these people used to carry bricks, stones for the construction of buildings, roads, etc. and they did not get anything special in the name of wages. In a way, they were used as mules and mares.

• The young man Jatra Oraon (Bhagat) was recognized as the hero of this movement, who lived supernatural beliefs. On the basis of Janushruti, this man was given a vision by an Oraon diety 'Dharmesh', and gave him some instructions and ordered him to start this movement.

• Jatra Bhagat, after getting the order from 'Dharmesh' diety, gave up the work of ghosts and became immortal. He refused to believe in the superstition of the people and gave the message of bringing sattvikta in the conduct. He also ordered forced labor or low-wage laborers not to do such work. He soon became very popular among the people and they started discussing everything with him. 

• This made the British nervous and they arrested Jatra Bhagat. Fury spread among the people of this place. The British also started arresting all the people related to this movement. As a result of this, violence erupted and a social revival spread. The British brutally suppressed this movement, yet this movement was successful in awakening social consciousness.

• Thus, the tribal revolts against the British government, to some extent, played an important role in bringing their rights to the oppressed people of Jharkhand. 

• In these movements, all the elements such as aggression, vandalism, resentment, power organization, and policy reasons were present which gave rise to rebellion. The erstwhile situation in Jharkhand was pathetic and ironically, outsiders who had come to exploit this naturally endowed region had almost disposed of the original tribes. 

• Far from education and deprived of facilities, these tribal societies were living its life peacefully. They were all happy in their own festivals, customs, and their own social fabric. Even after being in the shadow for almost 300 years of instability, anarchy, exploitation, oppression, humiliation, and poverty, these tribes kept their existence and their livelihood. 

• The people of Jharkhand performed their duties towards the country. These people made an incomparable contribution to India's freedom struggle, which cannot be forgetten.

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Santhal Governance System (Manjhi Regime)- JPSC/JSSC

Santhal Governance System (Manjhi Regime)

The Santhals (Munda ethnic group) are one of the majority tribes of India, a systematic farming tribe. Santhals have the highest tribal population in Jharkhand and are also found in the States of Assam, Tripura, Bihar, Chattishgarh, Odisha, West Bengal. They are the largest ethnic minority in northern Bangladesh's Rajshahi Divison and Rangpur Division. They have a sizeable population in Nepal & Bhutan. The Santhals speak Santhali.

Santhal is most likely derived from a Bengali exonym. The term refers to inhabitants of Saont, now in the Midnapore region of West Bengal, the traditional homeland of the Santhals. Their ethnonym is Hor Hopon (sons of mankind).  According to Santhals' folklore, they came from Hihiri, which scholars have identified as Ahuri in the Hazaribagh district. From there, they claimed, they were pushed onto Chota Nagpur, then to Jhalda, Patkum, and finally Soant, where they settled for good. Colonial scholar, Col. Dalton claimed in Chai there was a fort formerly occupied by a Santhal Raja who was forced to flee when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the territory.

In the latter half of the 18th century, the Santhals entered the historical record when recorded as "Soontars". Coming from there, there were the people of the Pahadia community who were native to Santhal Pargana. When the British entered in 1765 AD, the Pahadia refused to accept subjugation. Failure to control the freedom-loving Pahadia tribe led to a clash between the Santhals and the Pahadia. In 1832-22, the Damin-e-Koh zone was established by demarcating 1338 sq. m. This terrain was allocated to the Pahadia tribe and the terrain spread over it reserved for settlement of the Santhals. 

After Independence, the Santhals were made one of the Scheduled Tribes. After Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in 2000, the Santhal Pargana was made a separate division of the state. These Santhals have also agitated for recognition of their traditions in the census as a separate religion, Sarna Dharam, for which Jharkhand Assembly passed a resolution in 2020. Many still face poverty & exploitation, theft of their lands is common. Though spread out over a large area, Santhal tribes now considered Santhal Pargana as their cultural homeland.

Manjhi Regime:

The Santhals have obtained the Manjhi System from the Sauria-Pahadia tribe. Sauria's political life has been very democratic. There is a Panchayat in each Santhal village. The village is managed & headed by

• Manjhi, who is the Head & also Worshipper of the village. He has administrative and judicial powers. He convenes the Gram sabha to settle the quarrels of the village, collects rent, and gives permission to establish a marriage relationship. 

• Manjhi has an assistant, which is called 'Jogmanjhi'. Jogmanjhi keeps an eye on the people of the society for their conduct, as well as resolves marital problems. On the occasion of birth and marriage, his advice is important. In absence of Manjhi, his work is considered 'authentic'. 

• The village consists of 'Godait' as a messenger, who informs the villagers of the gram sabha or festivals, asks them to gather at one place, and obeys and gets the command of the Manjhi.

• There is also a religious head of villages, which is called 'Nayke'.  

• Manjhi handles all the village's issues except through a serious crime like murder which is handled through Gram Panchayat.

• In the decision of the quarrel, there are some senior gentlemen for discussion, where are called 'Bhogdo Praja'.

• Crimes are punished whether financial or physical or both. Once the charges of sexual offenses are proven, the guilty is first submitted to prove in front of the wife and if the accused refuses, he is severe punishment is the punishment of 'Bithlaha' or (social benevolence). In this, a person is completely excommunicated, humiliated, despised, and removed from the village society.

• Jogmanjhi is informed first when a virgin girl is pregnant and then a Panchayat meeting is held. If the girl identifies the name of the father of the illegitimate child and the charge is proved, then the culprit has to adopt the girl. If the father's name or identity is not disclosed by the girl, the girl's family has to offer rice, pulses, khassi, etc. for the rituals and banqueting as a punishment to remove the blame and sanctify the village. When a child is born, it is named after the Jogmanjhi of that village.

• In the village panchayat, real estate matters, divorce, mutual disputes, etc. are resolved. If someone is killed then government intervention is necessary. 

• Manjhi of 5-8 villages is called 'Deshmanjhi'. The cases which are not resolved, are sent to Deshmanjhi for further decision.

• A 'Pargana' consisting of 15-20 villages is formed, which is an intramural organization. Its head is called 'Parganat'. Disputes between various villages are settled by this panchayat. 'Deshmanjhi or Manjhi', who cannot resolve the matter, sends it to Parganat. Parganat also has the right to do Bithlaha. Deshmanjhi is helpful to Parganat. 

Now the Government Panchayat has been established, due to which the power of traditional panchayats has decreased, yet both are working together. Stil, Pargant deals with social, marital, and other problems of all the villages in their area.

When a woman is found guilty of sexual relations with a companion male or non-Santhal, she is sentenced to 'Bithlaha'. There is also a provision to abolish the sentence of 'Bithlaha'. The guilty have to offer a large caste feast while apologizing. Now, the Bithlaha punishment is often given for nil. The administration's intervention has also started in this. The learning of following the oral constitution, rules, and bye-laws in collective and family life is found from childhood. Neglect and violation are punished by the social panchayat. Santhals recognize collective life.

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Jharkhand Automobile & Auto Component Policy, 2016- JPSC/JSSC

JHARKHAND AUTOMOBILE & AUTO COMPONENT POLICY, 2016

The automobile industry currently is the sunrise industry in the non-core sector. The automobile industry in India accounts for 22% of the country's manufacturing GDP. This is a major sector generating direct and indirect employment. Jharkhand is one of the leading states of the country in respect of the automobile industry. The leading automobile company of India Tata Motors is located in Jamshedpur (Jharkhand) where commercial vehicles are being produced right from the 1950s. At present, Tata Motors is one of the major companies in the world producing commercial vehicles and is one of the top 3 companies producing passenger vehicles in India. There are more than 600 auto and ancillary industries running in Jamshedpur-Adityapur Industrial Cluster.

All kinds of auto-grade steel are being produced in Jamshedpur since the 1980s and all necessary infrastructure facilities are available for auto ancillaries in the Jamshedpur-Adityapur region. Tata Steel & Bokaro Steel under SAIL (Steel Authority of India Ltd.) are major steel producing plants in the state and new steel plants like Electro Steel & Jindal Steel are in the process of being commissioned; steel required by the automobile industry will be provided by all of them.

Jharkhand has a favorable environment for the establishment of auto & auto-components industries, like:

• Availability of raw materials

• Large market of South-East (SE-Asia)

• Production of CR sheets by Tata Steel & Bokaro Steel Plants.

• Large-scale production of engineering goods in Jharkhand by Usha Martin, Timken, Cummins, TRF, Tinplate, HEC, Indal, ICI, TAYO, etc.

• Proximity to Kolkata-Haldia ports facilitating exports.

Considering the above advantages, 

The Jharkhand Automobile & Auto-Component, 2016 has been implemented to create a favorable atmosphere for the automobile industry in the state. The Policy aims to develop infrastructural facilities, create skilled manpower and encourage capital investment and technology upgradation for this industry. 

The main objectives of the Jharkhand Automobile & Auto-Component Policy, 2016 are as follows:

• To develop Jharkhand as the preferred destination for the automobile & auto-component manufacturing units in Eastern India.

• To generate additional employment opportunities for 50,000 personnel in this sector by 2020.

• To establish mega automobile projects in the state, establish new auto-cluster and expand the capacity of golf auto-cluster.

• To encourage the establishment of Tier-I, Tier-II, and Tier-III auto-component units in the stage.

• To identify the gaps in existing infrastructure.

The policy shall remain in force for 5 years i.e. until 2021. The policy covers the following automobile and auto-component manufacturing units located in Jharkhand:

• Automobiles
• Earthmovers & mining and construction vehicles
• Tractors and other agricultural utility vehicles
• Defense vehicles
• Railway equipment, wagons, and coaches
• Tier-I, Tier-II, and Tier-III auto components.

The following manufacturing organizations have been treated as eligible under the Policy:

• Proprietorship firm
• Registered proprietorship firm
• Private limited company
• Limited liability registered partnership firm

A long-term strategy has been drawn up for an expansion of the Jharkhand automotive sector. Availability of land with close proximity to road and rail networks has to be ensured. Emphasis is being placed on developing a new Auto Vendor Park. A new unit of Auto Cluster at Adityapur is being developed as a new Auto Vendor Park in Jamshedpur. World-class engineering and machinery goods are produced by the automotive industry and arrangements are being made to supply cheap and quality power for the same. Facilities are being developed at Adityapur Auto-Cluster for state-of-the-art testing for world-class components and vehicles. In this regard, a branch of the Automobile Research Association of India (ARAI) shall be opened in Adityapur Industrial Area. Solid waste and effluent treatment plants have been set up in Adityapur Auto Cluster and the hazardous waste management facility is under development.

The Jharkhand Automobile & Auto-Component Policy, 2016 also provides for fiscal incentives. Provisions have been made for financial assistance of 50% for the establishment of Auto Cluster, Auto Vendor Park, and Automotive Parts Distribution Centre. This 50% shall be based on capital costs towards building construction and common infrastructure and shall be limited to a maximum of Rs. 20 crores. 

• Manufacturing units shall be given 100% CST concession for 10 years. 

• New small & micro-units will be given incentives of 80% of the Net VAT for 5 years. 

• New large units will be given incentives of 75% of the Net VAT for 7 years.

• New mega projects will be given incentives of 70% of the Net VAT for 12 years.

• 100% exception from electricity duty will be provided for 10 years from the date of commencement of production.  

Provisions have been made for benefits to micro and small units under this policy in accordance with the Jharkhand Export Policy, 2015.

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Industrial Development of Jharkhand- JPSC/JSSC

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF JHARKHAND

Nature has provided the state abundant supply of resources for industries. All the industries that are part of the state economics depend on these resources. Industries are instrumental in improving both employment opportunities and economic robustness. An increase in exports leads to better sales and production resulting in higher revenues that keep the other citizens' services going. 

The industries in the state may be divided into two categories: 1.) small-scale industries, 2.) large-scale industries.

SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES: 

All those industries, including those that, involve low capital and low production are covered under small industries. Many times, even a small industry with low capital may be seen making substantial production. All small scale industries, very small scale industries, and cottage industries like Khadi, handloom, twine, power loom, etc. are covered in this category. Based on capital, an enterprise launched with capital up to Rs. 10 crores is termed as small-scale industry category. Cottage industries require very small capital investment and mostly this is based on some hereditary skills of the entrepreneur.

The National Planning Commission has classified the cottage industries into the following categories:

I. Agro-based Industry:

• This industry involves making products using agricultural products as inputs. Jobs like grain grinding, oil press, making jaggery, fruit jam, chutney, vinegar, tobacco, bidi, animal husbandry, trading in milk, fruits and cereals are all examples of agro-based cottage industry.

II. Textile Industry:

• This covers jobs like cleaning cotton, spinning yarns, weaving clothes, dyeing clothes, embroidery, tailoring and trading in clothes, etc.

III. Timber Industry:

• This is a hereditary occupation for some people while others take up this work for making profits. This includes jobs like lumbering, making furniture, toys, trading in timber, etc.

IV. Leather Industry:

• Tanning, leather dyeing, making leather products like shoes and purses, producing bone manures and bone buttons, etc. are covered under this leather industry.

V. Metal Industry:

• Purification of crude metals, trading in old metals, making iron tools, jewelry, making metal implements used in household chores are included in this category.

VI. Clay Industry:

• This also is generally a hereditary occupation and is undertaken by the 'Kumhar' community. This pottery is an age-old occupation. A brick kiln is another big industry in this category.

VII. Cotton Textile Industry:

• This industry does not have a significant presence in the state. The work of spinning yarns using handlooms is being done by a specific community for a long time. 
• Appreciating the potentials of this job, co-operative societies developed this industry and started producing some 26000 yards of clothing per annum using around 2000 handlooms.
• There is a spinning mill in Ormanjhi, Ranchi. The Chhotanagpur Regional Handloom Weavers Society at Irba, Ranchi is a big name in the industry.

VIII. Silk Textile Industry:

• Jharkhand is the largest producer of Tassar Silk in the country. This is produced in many districts including Ranchi, Palamu, Hazaribagh. The quality of Tassar produced here has been acknowledged at the global level and has received 'Organic Certification' at the global level.
• 'Tassar Cooperative Society' is functioning at Bhagaiya in the Godda district of the state.
• 'Tassar Research Centre' at Ranchi is trying to promote the silk industry as a widespread industry.

IX. Other Industries:

• There are hundreds of activities like extraction of oil from fish, production of lac, plastic toys, bangles, colors, soaps, incense, candles, varnish, and honey collection, etc. that would get covered in this category.

These small cottage industries help to a great extent in the eradication of unemployment, better usage of resources, and promotion of handicrafts. Also, they suit the village system, as they need only a basic level of knowledge. This arguments the family income as well as reduces the pressure on agriculture. These village industries have fast turnover times and they help improve the availability of raw materials.

LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRIES:

All the large-scale industries in Jharkhand are based on minerals. There are some 309 large and medium mineral-based industries in the state. There are several medium industries active in supplying the raw material required for the manufacture of iron and steel and they serve the needs of Tata Iron and Steel Company and Bokaro Steel Plant. The state economy may be said to be good because of these very large-scale industries.

Tata Steel Company:

• The credit for establishing this company at Sakchi in the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand goes to the well-reputed 'Tata Group' of India.

• 1907: The chairperson of this group, Shri Jamshedji Tata founded the 'TISCO' company in Jharkhand. 

• 1911: After commissioning of the plant, the production started.

• This was located at the confluence of Suabarnarekha and Kharkai Rivers considering geographical conditions and facilities required. The plant can get iron ore easily from the Noamundi, Gua, and Hoklatburu region lying within a distance of 100 km. Also, the coal required by the company is supplied from Jharia and Raniganj. Most of the raw materials are available within Sighbhu, region and hence the company is in a well-located place. The Rivers serve the demands of both clean water and sand.

• The plant is connected to Kolkata port by rail network for carriage of goods. As part of their expansion plans, the Tata Group established 'Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company' in the year 1948.

• Sakchi was given the name Jamshedpur in honor of Jamshedji, the founder of the company. Known as 'Tatanagar', this industrial city is famous all over the world for the production of railway wagons, boilers, trucks, and other vehicles.

Bokaro Steel Plant:

• 1964: the company was established by the Government of India through the Steel Authority of India in collaboration with the Soviet Union.

• 1972: production started.

• It has a production capacity of 32 lakh tons. One of the sophisticated plants in the world, this is located near the Tenughat and Garga dams of the Damodar Valley. The plant gets cheap electricity from Damodar Power Project. 

• All raw materials are conveniently supplied to the plant. The Kolkata-Delhi road is used conveniently for transportation and reaching port further down is quite easy.

Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC):

• 1958: The establishment of HEC in Jharkhand by the Government of India in collaboration with Russia & Czechoslovakia elevated the Indian industry to the pinnacle of its glory.

Three branches of this mega industrial unit are functional at a place named Hatia near Ranchi. They manufacture hundreds of equipment and machine tools for cement, edible oils, and other industries.

• FFP (Foundry Forge Plant)= it uses high-temperature boilers for casting and forging iron to mold the same into required shapes for making heavy-duty machines and related equipment. This branch was set up with collaboration from Czechoslovakia.

• HMBP (Heavy Machine Building Plant)= it was set up in collaboration with Russia. Its production capacity is 30 thousand tons of machinery every year. It produces equipment for the steel plant as well as cement, mining, edible oil plants. It also produces drilling machinery.

• HMTP (Heavy Machine Tools Plant)= it was also set up in collaboration with Russia. This produces heavy machines and tools. Some 274 kinds of machine components are produced here. Bokaro Steel Plant gets requirements of machines and tools fulfilled from HPTP.

'Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd', a Government of India undertaking, is also located within the premises of HEC. This produces diesel engines and engines for ships.

Chemical Industry:

• 1951: the GoI through the Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCI) established a large fertilizer factory at Sindri in the Dhanbad district.

• Equipped with state-of-the-art technology, this plant produces Ammonium Sulphate, Nitrate, and Urea on a large scale. Damodar Valley Project fulfills its electricity and water requirements. This plant has an annual production capacity of 20,000 tons of Urea, 3 lakh tons of Nitrate. This plant is facing a lot of problems currently and discussions are in progress to start steel production here. It's not unusual to have problems in the supply of raw materials in Jharkhand because of its geographical diversities. This plant is also facing similar difficulties.

Aluminium Industry:

• Because of the abundant deposits of bauxite in the state, the aluminum industry is in an ideal situation here. The state has around 100 lakh tons of bauxite reserves and Lohardaga has most of the same.

• 1938: a plant to produce aluminum was set up at Muri near Ranchi by the Indian Aluminium Company. This place is connected to the Lohardaga-Ranchi rail network. This convenient transportation facility makes it easy to ensure a regular supply of bauxite that is needed for producing aluminum.

• This plant has a production capacity of 1.60 lakh tons. Birla group has bought this plant and its current name is Hindalco.

Copper Industry:

• 1924: the first copper-producing plant of the country was set up by the GoI at Ghatshila in the state through 'Indian Copper Corporation' (ICC).

• 1930: purification of copper started.

• The process of purification is quite complex. The raw materials received from the mines in Mosabani and Bedia are first crushed and then transported to the plant through ropeways. After being transported over a 10-km long ropeway, the crushed material is heated in an electric furnace to separate sulfur from copper. This process produces copper with almost 10% purity.

Glass Industry:

• It has always been flourishing in India. A factory is established at Bhurkunda in Ramgarh district in Jharkhand in the name of 'Indo Asahi Glass' (IAG) Limited. 

• This industry uses a number of minerals as raw materials, including silica, limestone, lead, borax, molasses, potassium carbonate, sodium sulfate, etc. All these raw materials are made available to the factory from Mangal Ghat and Patthar Ghat regions in the hills of Rajmahal.

Cement Industry:

• Its factories in Jharkhand are located at the places like Kumardubi, Sindri, Japla, Chaibasa, Bokaro, and Khelari. The production of 1 ton of cement requires almost 2 tons of raw materials that are available in the state in abundance.

• An explosive-producing plant is located at Gomia in the Bokaro district of the state in the name of 'Indian Explosive Ltd'.

• The refractory industry has plants located at places like Dhanbad, Jharia, Ramgarh, and Chirkunda. They use igneous rocks to produce bricks designed to withstand very high temperatures, which is used lining for blast furnaces in iron and steel factories. 

Other Industries:

The GoI has also set up the following large-scale plants here under central administration, located in the State, constitute the backbone of Indian Industry.

• Bokaro Steel Ltd. Bokaro
• Eastern Coalfields (ECL) Santhal Pargana
• Central Coalfields (CCL) Ranchi
• Bharat Coking Coal Ltd. (BBCL) Dhanbad
• Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC) Ranchi
• Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL) East Singhbhum

Besides,

• Birla Group has two plants in Jharkhand: Hindalco- at Muri, which is connected with the Aluminum industry, the factory at Palamu, 'Bihar Caustic Soda & Chemicals' produces chemicals.

• Usha Martin Group has 'Usha Martin Steel' at Ranchi and Singhbhum producing steel and 'Usha Beltron' at Ranchi manufacturing cables.

• The ACC group, famous all over the country, has cement factories at Dhanbad and Singhbhum.

• The private sector company 'Hyderbad Industries' in Deoghar produces asbestos and 'Indian Steel and Wire' in East Singhbhu, manufactures steel rods.

In view of the infinite possibilities of industrial development in Jharkhand, the State government has formulated a three-tiered plan. under the same, a network of mega, mini, and micro industries will be spread all over the state. The State government has initiated the major steps for resolving the issues being faced by large & medium scale industries. they include incentives schemes for the units running in loss and also schemes to welcome new enterprises with various grants and incentives. 

• 12 districts of the state have functioning 'District Industries Centre' (DIC), which are being strengthened further with additional powers.

• 'Growth Centre' has been set up in the State for the development of industrially backward districts. 

• One of the steps by the state government specially focused on imports & exports is the establishment of the Inland Container Depot at Jamshedpur. 250 containers are sent out every month from this depot.

• Under Special Economic Zone (SEZ) scheme, the state government has initiated steps towards a Single Window system and portal (www.advantage.jharkhand.gov.in), where all the departments related to industry shall be brought under one roof. It has been deployed by the Department of Industries for accelerated processing for issuance of no-objection certificate (NOC) and approvals from concerned department for investors. All necessary information shall be made available to the investors under this system, along with the facility for online submission of applications.

Jharkhand is the first state in the country to implement the digital signature system. 

At present, this is implemented in the 

• Department of Commercial Taxes, 
• Department of Labour, 
• Industrial Area Development Authority,  and 
• Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board. 

Four special policies have been formulated to accelerate industrial development in Jharkhand. They are as follows:

• Jharkhand Food Processing Industry Policy, 2015
• Jharkhand Feed Processing Industry Policy, 2015
• Jharkhand Industrial Park Policy, 2015
• Jharkhand Export Policy, 2015

In order to facilitate, investments under all the industrial are development authorities in the State, the state government has passed 4 regulations for time-bound and transparent disposal of proposals for land allotment through online systems:

• Adityapur Industrial Area Development Authority Regulation, 2015
• Bokaro Industrial Area Development Authority Regulation, 2015
• Ranchi Industrial Area Development Authority Regulation, 2015
• Santhal Parganas Industrial Area Development Authority Regulation, 2015.

Jharkhand has imbibed with the thought of Mahatma Gandhi "If we have to achieve economic freedom, every hand must start working". The State government is committed to facilitating self-employment for poor citizens of the state-linked with 

• Weaving traditional handicrafts and silk production. To achieve the same, the weavers and artisans are being provided high-quality training. A Craft & Design Institute (CDI) is being set up at Ranchi in collaboration with NID, Ahmedabad. To promote handloom, technical and financial assistance have been provided handloom industry resulting in improvement in its economic condition. A scheme has been approved and funds allotted for training in Computer-Aided Design with the help of C-DAC at five places- Ranchi, Hazaribagh, Latehar, Deoghar, and Saraikela-Kharsawan in the state.

• Jharkhand State Khadi & Village Industries Board is not only playing an excellent role in the development and expansion of Khadi in the state but is also promoting self-employment at the village level. A modern readymade garment unit was inaugurated at Jhumri Tilaiya, Koderma on 4th October 2015, and a Khadi Bhavan and training-cum-production center was inaugurated at Modinagar (Palamu) on 5th December 2015. The national Khadi & Saras Festival was organized at Ranchi in February 2016 under the joint auspices of the State Khadi Board, the Khadi Commission, and the Department of Rural Development.

• Silk Park is being established to facilitate the production of the latest silk apparel in the state itself and the generation of employment opportunities and augmentation in the income of the people connected with silk production of high-quality silk products in the state. Jharkhand enjoys the first rank in the production of Tassar Silk in the country. Currently, the silk farmers are able to earn income between Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 50,000/- from every harvest. The establishment of the Silk Production Chain in the state has eliminated dependence on the other institute for nuclear seeds, primary seeds, and commercial seeds in the state, and even other states were supplied commercial seeds.

• JHARCRAFT has been used to provide a platform for marketing handicrafts and handloom products. Jharkhand is a state replete with handicraft art. High-quality training is being imparted with the help of JHARCAFT and departmental handicraft centers across the state to develop traditional handicraft items like Katha, applique, dhokra, terracotta, etc. Approval has been accorded for the establishment of 'Jharkhand Insitute of Craft & Design' at Ranchi with the assistance of NID, Ahmedabad.   

• Skill development training is being provided to promote self-employment in the state. MSME Tool Room, Ranchi, and Government Tool Room, Dumka are imparting skill development training in various industrial trades to ensure the availability of skilled industrial workers in the state. Also, 100% of the trainees under 4-year diploma courses of the two Tool Rooms are bale to secure employment.

• The establishment of an electronic manufacturing cluster at Adityapur and an integrated manufacturing center in the form of a growth center at Barhi are also planned. Also in the process is the development of the 'Ranchi-Patratu-Ramgarh Industrial Corridor' that will not only help improve industrial activities but also create new opportunities for capital investments. The Project Report for the 'Industrial Corridor' has been prepared by 'JINFRA'. The GoI has ambitious plans for the development of the 'Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor' as well as 'Amritsar-Delhi-Kolkata Industrial Corridor'. 196 km of this corridor passes through Jharkhand state. An integrated manufacturing cluster at Barhi has been identified near this only. The state is in the process of implementing its 'Modified Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation Scheme' (MIIUS) with the aim of helping the industrial units of the state to remain competitive on a global level. Under this, the industrial units shall be provided common facilities like Zero Liquid Discharge Effluent Treatment Plants and other basic infrastructure facilities.

Establishment of Industrial Parks:

There is a proposal to set up 'Private Industrial Parks' and 'Industrial Parks under PPP mode' to promote private partnership in industrialization under the following parks are to be set up under the same.

• Jharkhand Industrial Park Policy, 2015
• Textile/Apparel Park
• ITes Park
• Biotechnology Park
• Gems & Jewellery Park
• Herbs Park and Chemical & Pharmaceuticals Parks.

JIIDCO:

• JIDCO = Jharkhand Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation.
• JIIDCO has been constituted for the purpose of building industrial infrastructure in the state. JIIDCO has a share capital of Rs. 50 crores. JIIDCO is going to play an important role in industrial development in the state.
• The project for the Jagdishpur-Haldia gas pipeline will be taken up under joint auspices of JIIDCO and GAIL.

EXPORT PROMOTION: 

Jharkhand is a land-locked state. Hence, the industrialists and businessmen here have to not only face a lot of difficulties in exporting their products but also incur excessive costs. The Department of Industries is setting up an airport cargo complex at Ranchi. An agreement has been signed with the Airports Authority of India (AAI) in this regard and Jharkhand Export Policy, 2015 has been notified to promote exports.

All these endeavors have created an atmosphere for industrial development that will pave the way for the state to become industrially thriving and get counted along with developed states of the country in the near future.

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