THE ENGLISH (1600 - 1717) - HISTORY

ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY (1600-1717)

English too had become impatient to participate in the profitable Asian Trade. 

1599: A company to trade with the East was formed under the auspices of a group of merchants known as - the Merchant Adventurers. The company popularly came to be known as the East India Company (or EIC, nickname- John Company).

Fig: Flag of EIC. 

 A Glance of English East India Company:

1600: The English Company:

• The company was granted a royal charter by Queen Elizabeth giving it to the exclusive privilege of trading east of the Cape of Good Hopes for a period of 15 years.
• In the beginning, the English company concentrated on the spice trade.
• The initial voyages of the Company were made to the Spice Islands in Indonesia.
• Soon the English discovered the importance of Indian goods especially textiles as a barter (trading) commodity for the spice trade.
• Surat (Gujarat) was established as the trade transit point & the company ships were docked there.
• The company now planned to open a factory at Surat & Captain Hawkins was sent.

1608: Captain Hawkins-

• He was sent as a representative of the English Company to the Court of Jahangir to obtain permission to open a factory - at Surat (Gujarat).
• He was the first Englishman to set foot on Indian soil.
• He could speak the Turkish language & he came in a ship named - 'Hector'.
• 1609: He arrived at Surat & from there went to the Court of Jahangir at Agra.
• He obtained permission to open factories on the west coast but the Company not satisfied as to wanted permission for the whole of the country.  

1611:  Musaliptnam- The English opened their first factory in the south. 

1612: 'Battle of Swally Hole' The English defeated the Portuguese, near Surat.

1613: The English were allowed to set up a permanent factory at Surat (Gujarat)

1615: Sir Thomas Roe-

• He was sent by King James I as an ambassador to the court of Jahangir.
• Roe was successful in obtaining royal Farman permitting the British to trade and establish factories in all parts of the Mughal Empire.

1625:

•  Soon the English began to feel insecure in absence of fortified settlements & made an attempt to fortify Surat but the Mughal frustrated the attempt & imprisoned the English. 
• The English then decided to shift their focus to South India to avoid direct confrontation with the Mughals.
• Conditions in South India were more favorable to English as they did not have to face a strong Indian government there.

Madras:

1632: 

• Sultan of Golconda issues a golden Farman in favor of the English, permitting them to trade freely from the ports of Golconda on an annual payment of 500 pagodas.

1639: Francis Day-

• He was able to join obtain Madras on lease from the Raja of Chandragiri & shifted the center of their activity to Madras.
• The Raja allowed the English to fortify Madras, to administer it & to coin the money on the condition that the English will pay him half the customs revenue of the port.
• The English set up a factory & built a small fort around it called 'Fort St. George'.

1690: The British bought the Fort Devanampatnam, near Madras, and renamed it as- Fort St. David.

Bengal:

1651: 

• At Hugli, the first English factory in Bengal was set up upon receiving permission from Sultan Shuja (second son of Emperor Shah Jahan), the Subahdar of Bengal.

1658:

•  All establishment of the Company in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, & Coromandel Coast were brought under the control of Fort St. George.

1690: Job Charnock-

• He established a factory at Sutanuti which was fortified in 1696 and is called Fort William.

1698:

• The English Company obtained from Subahdar of Bengal Azim-us-Shan, the zamindari (right to collect revenue) of the villages of Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Gobindpur on payment of Rs.1,200. to the previous proprietors. 

1700:

• The Bengal factories were placed under Fort William.
• Soon the Kalikata village grew into a city known as- Calcutta.

Bombay:

1662:

• King Charles II received Bombay as dowry on marrying a Portuguese princess.

1668:

• The Crown transferred it to the Company on an annual rent of 10 pounds and it was soon fortified in the wake of threats from the raising Maratha Power.
• Bombay quickly replaced Surat as the principal depot of the Company on the West coast. 

1717: Magna Carta by Farrukhsiyar-

• Farrukhsiyar granted the English Company valuable trading privileges under the Farman of 1717 described as the Magna Carta of the Company.
• The Farman was granted because earlier in 1714, William Hamilton, a surgeon in the British East India Company had successfully cured Farrukhsiyar of a disease (swelling in the groin).
• After successful treatment, Farrukhsiyar finally arranged his marriage to the daughter of Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur, which had been delayed by the illness. 
• The Farman was instrumental in increasing the Company's stronghold in Bengal which later colonized Bengal followed by the rest of India.

Provisions of Farman:

• The British were allowed duty-free trade in Bengal in lieu of an annual payment of Rs.30,000.
• Exemption from payment of all dues at Surat in lieu of a one-time settlement of Rs.10,000.
• The Campany retained its old privilege of exemption from payment of all dues at Hyderabad & for Madras was required to pay only the existing rent.
• The Company was allowed to rent more territory around Calcutta.
• The Company was allowed to use its own currency (minted at Bombay) throughout India.
• The Company was also granted the right to issue passes or dastaks for the movement of such goods.
• The Company's' servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered under this Farman. 

Farman as Source of Conflict:

• This Farman became a perpetual source of conflict between the Company & the Nawab of Bengal.
• The strong Nawab of Bengal Murshid Quli Khan & Alivardi Khan- objected to the English interpretation of the Farman of 1717.
• They exercised strict control over the English traders & prevented them from misusing the Dastaks.
• Despite strong political control by native rulers, the commercial affairs of the Company flourished.
• Madra, Bombay, Calcutta - became the nuclei of commercial activities.

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THE DUTCH (NETHERLAND/HOLLAND) - HISTORY

THE DUTCH: (NETHERLAND/HOLLAND) 

As the Portuguese power wavered in the aftermath of the Spanish union, the Dutch took over from them. 

• The Dutch came to India for trade. 
• They were innovative people in business as well as in shipping techniques.
• They had designed the fluitship (the Fluyt) which was much lighter and required a smaller crew, thus reducing its operating costs.
• These ships proved to be superior to the bulkier and slower Portuguese ships eventually.

The Dutch (Netherland/ Holland):

(A.) Cornelius de Houtman (1596):

• He was the first Dutch traveler to reach India. 

(B.) Dutch East India Company (1602):

• 1606: First Dutch factory was established at Muslipatnam in Andhra Pradesh.
• The second factory was set up at Pettopoli (Nizampatam)

• 1610: The Dutch signed a treaty with the kings of Chandragiri & established their headquarters at Pulicat. Here they minted their gold coins called - 'pagoda'.

• 1623: Amboyna massacre took place in Indonesia where the Dutch killed 10 Englishmen & 9 Japanese.

• 1690: The Dutch headquarters were transferred from Pulicat to Nagapattinam.

• 1759: 'Battle of Bedara (Bengal)'- The Dutch were defeated by the English & ending the Dutch power in India.

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THE PORTUGUESE - HISTORY

THE PORTUGUESE 

 The Portuguese were the first ones to arrive on the Indian scene. The reason for the arrival of the Portuguese in India were both economic as well as religious.

They had to come to seek spices especially pepper as well as to destroy the monopoly of the Arabs & Italians over the trade of the East.

They also wished to spread Christianity in Asia & Africa and restrict the increasing influence of Arabs & Turks.

Prior to the Portuguese, trade-in the Indian Ocean was a monopoly of Arab merchants. But within 15 years of their arrival, the Portuguese completely destroyed Arab trade & established their control over Eastern trade which lasted nearly a century.

The Portuguese:

  

(1.) Prince Henry the Navigator:

• He was a key figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire & in the 15th century European maritime discoveries & expansion.
• He is remembered more like a great patron & sponsor of voyages than as a sailor.

(2.) Bartholomew Diaz (1487)

• He reached the southernmost tip of Africa (which he named Cape of Storms) and became the first known European to reach the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic.
• The Portuguese later renamed the cape as - 'Cape of Good Hope'.

(3.) Vasco da Gama (1498)

• He headed the First Portuguese India Armada.
• He sailed from the Cape of Good Hope & continued to India, reaching Calicut (Kozhikode).
• He thus discovered a new sea route from Europe to India & became the first European to reach India by sea.
• He was piloted by a Gujarati named Abdul Majid.
• He led two Portuguese India Armadas, the first & the fourth.
• He was sent under the patronage of King Manuel I of Portugal.
• He returned with a cargo that sold for 60 times the cost of his voyage.

(4.) Pedro Alvarez Cabral (1500)

• Cabral ran into a conflict with the local Arab Merchants.

(5.) Vasco da Gama (1502)

• 1503: First Portuguese factory was set up at Cochin (Kochi).
• 1505: The second factory was set up at Cannanore (or Kannur).

Portuguese State of India (1503 - 04)

(6.) Francisco De Almeida (1505 - 09)

• First Portuguese Viceroy of India.
• He adopted the 'Bluewater Policy' aimed at establishing naval supremacy of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean.
• He is credited with the construction of Fort Anjediva.
• 1508:Battle of Diu- Almeida defeated the joint Muslim naval force (Gujarat Sultanate & Mameluk Egyptian fleet).

(7.) Alfonzo-De-Albuquerque (1509 - 15)

• Known as 'real founder of Portuguese power' in India.
• he set up his headquarter at Cochin.
• 1509: Conquered Cochin.
• 1510: Conquered Diu.
• 1510: Conquered Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur.
• he encouraged his countrymen to marry Indian women & propagate Christianity.
• He abolished Sati in the region under his control.

(8.) Nino de Cunha (1529 - 38)

• 1530: He transferred the government head office from Cochin to Goa.

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Santhal Pargana Kashtkari Adhiniyam 1949 Part-4 (संथाल परगना काश्तकारी अधिनियम पार्ट-4)

Santhal Pargana Kashtkari Adhiniyam 1949 Part-4

संथाल परगना काश्तकारी अधिनियम,1949 

(SPT- Act),1949  PART- 4

संथाल परगना भूधारण (अनुपूरक अनुबंध) अधिनियम 1949 का प्रमुख प्रावधान:-

अध्याय- 5  (धारा- 43 से 52) 

अध्याय- 5 में -लगान  से सम्बंधित 

💥धारा - 43 

💨 धारा - 43  के  अनुसार वस्तु रूप में लगान वसूल नहीं किया जाएगा या किसी न्यायालय द्वारा स्वीकार नहीं होगा।

💨धारा- 43 -(क)  में यह संशोधन अधिनियम 1955 द्वारा स्थापित किया गया है। 

💨इसके अनुसार भूधारक के द्वारा मुद्रा लगान चार किस्तों में कृषि वर्ष के अंतिम दिन प्रत्येक तिमाही को देय होगा। 

💨भुगतान समय पर नहीं होने पर उसे बकाया समझा जाएगा।

💥धारा - 44  

💨धारा - 44 में हस्तांतरण की पूरी जानकारी नहीं होने के कारण, भूतपूर्व भूस्वामी या मूल रैयत को, दिए गए, लगान के लिए रैयत ,ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत या भूस्वामी जिसके नाम संपत्ति हस्तांतरित हुआ है, उसका उत्तरदायित्व लगान दायी नहीं होगा। 

💨जब तक कि हस्तांतरित लगान देने के पहले, हस्तांतरण की नोटिस रैयत, ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत को नहीं दे देता।

💥धारा - 45   

💨धारा- 45 में रैयत अपने किसी जोत के लिए लगान की दर या मालगुजारी को विनिहित प्रपत्र डाक मनीआर्डर द्वारा भेज कर भुगतान कर सकता है।

💥धारा - 46

💨धारा- 46 में ग्राम प्रधान ,मूल रैयत या भूस्वामी हर एक रैयत के लगान का हिसाब रखेगा।

💥धारा - 47 

💨धारा - 47 में हर एक रैयत अपने चुकाए  हुए लगान या उसका ब्याज का रसीद,भूस्वामी या उसके एजेंट या ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत से, लगान चुकाते समय ही रशीद लेने का अधिकारी होगा।

💥धारा - 48 

💨उपर्युक्त धारा - 48 के आधार पर उचित लेखों और वितरण और प्रर्त्यपण  सहित रसीदो के प्रपत्रो को राज्य सरकार तैयार करेगी।

💨 ग्राम प्रधान ,मूल रैयत और भूस्वामी के हाथ विक्रय के लिए सभी अनुमंडल कार्यालयों  में  रखेगी।

💥धारा - 49 

💨धारा - 49  में जहाँ रैयत का जोत हस्तांतरण योग्य है, जोत का लगान, जोत का प्रथम प्रभार होगा।

💨 ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत की दशा में, ग्राम लगान, ऐसे लगान के भुगतान के लिए भूस्वामी, ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत के जोत पर प्रथम प्रभार  होगा।

💥धारा - 50  

💨धारा - 50 में विशिष्ट कारणों से लगान की कमी:-

💨 राज्य सरकार किसी एक या अधिक आधार पर लगान में कमी कर सकता है जो नीचे निम्नलिखित हैं। 

(1) किसी जोत या क्षेत्र में स्थाई रूप से बालू पड़ जाना या पानी भर जाना। 

(2) वैसा जोत या क्षेत्र का भूस्वामी जिसके जोत के लिए नियम और कानून के अनुरूप नोटिस देने पर भी 6 माह के अंदर सिंचाई संबंधी व्यवस्था नहीं हो पाती है। 

(3) उत्पादित खाद्यानों  के  स्थिर स्थानीय मूल्य में अचानक कमी होने पर।

💥धारा - 51 

💨धारा - 50  के अधीन लगान कम किए जाने पर लगान की और भी कमी उन्ही कारणों से तब तक नहीं की जाएगी, जब तक संथाल परगना बंदोबस्त विनियम के अधीन नया अधिकार और अभिलेख नहीं तैयार होता।धारा - (51)

💥धारा - 52 

💨धारा - 52  के अनुसार यदि कोई भूस्वामी या उसका एजेंट अपने रैयत या ग्राम प्रधान या मूल रैयत से लगान के अतिरिक्त कुछ और वसूल करता है तो वह दंड का भागी होगा। 

 

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THE MARATHAS - HISTORY

THE MARATHAS 

The Marathas Kingdom was constituted in the 17th century in western Deccan.

In the 18th century, it became the nucleus of the much wider Maratha swarajya (sovereign state). The Marathas were the most significant of all the regional powers. The first part of the 18th century saw the decline of the Mughals, last part saw the rise of British & the middle part saw the swaying political fortunes of the Marathas, the lone Indian power strong enough to offer an alternative to the Mughal Rule.

After the Mughals retreated from the Deccan, the Marathas grew as a confederacy of military leaders called - Maratha Sardar.

• Originally, the Marathas Sardars only held temporary assignments of land revenue.
• But, in practice, the landed to become hereditary once they established themselves.
• But, the Marathas Sardars lacked unity & vision for founding an all India Empire. However, the successfully waged continuous struggle against the Mughals until they were destroyed.

The glance of Marathas Kingdom:

 

(A.) Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath (1713 - 20):

• Known as "the second founder of the Maratha State".
• He supported Shahu against Tara Bai in the Maratha Civil war; in return, Shahu appointed him as his Peshwa (Prime Minister).
• He launched the period of Peshwa domination during which the Maratha State transformed into an Empire.
• 1719: Balaji helped the Sayyid brothers remove Farrukhsiyar.
• As a reward, he secured the Mughal Sanad of 1719, known as the "Magna Carta of the Maratha dominion". The Maratha king became the Sardeshmukh of the entire Deccan & Karanataka.
• He laid the foundation of the Maratha Confederacy.

(B.) Peshwa Baji Rao II (1720 - 40):

• Known as 'Fighting Peshwa'.
• He sermonized the idea of "Hindu padpadshahi".
• 1773: defeated the Sidis of Janjira Island.

(C.) Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao II (1740 - 61):

• Know as "Nana Sahib".
• It was his reign that Raja Ram executed the Sangola Agreement (also known as Constitutional revolution of 1750) which transferred the supreme power from the Chhatrapati --> Peshwa.
• Maratha power reached its terrestrial zenith.
• 1761: Third Battle of Panipat- defeated by Abdali.
• The Marathas fought under the nominal command of his son Vishwas Rao, but the actual command was in hands of Peshwa's cousin Sadashiv Rao Bhau.
• Maratha army had a contingent of European style infantry & artillery commanded by Ibrahim Khan Gardi.

(D.) Peshwa Madhav Rao (1761 - 72):

• He restored the lost fortunes of the Maratha Empire, a phenomenon known as - Maratha Resurrection, with the help of his able minister, Nana Phadnavis.
• 1771: the Maratha re-installed Emperor Shah Alam to Delhi.

(E.) Narayan Rao (1772 - 73):

• He succumbed to the intrigues of his uncle, Raghu Nath Rao.

(F.) Raghu Nath Rao (1773 - 74):

• He was deposed by Nana Phadnis & 11 other administrations (Baarbhai) in what is known as - 'the Baarbhai Conspiracy'.
• Baarbhai included influential Sardars Mahadji Shinde & Tukojirao Holkar.

(G.) Sawai Madhav (1774 - 95):

• His succession frustrated Raghunath Rao who now went over to British & tried to capture with their help, resulting in the First Anglo-Marath War.
• Taking advantage of the weakening of central authority, the big Maratha Sardars carved out semi-independent States: Holkar (Indore), Scindia (Gwalior), Gaekwad (Baroda), Bhonsle (Nagpur).
• 1795: Sawai Madhav Rao committed suicide.

(H.) Peshwa Baji Rao II (1796 - 1818):

• 1803 - 05: Second Anglo-Maratha War- Maratha defeated.
• 1817 - 18: Third Anglo-Maratha War- Maratha defeated.
• The seat of Peshwa was extinguished.
• 1818: Peshwa was dethroned by East India Company (EIC) & pensioned off and ordered to spend his last days in Bithoor near Kanpur.

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