BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - ADVERB

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - ADVERB

Adverb: An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another verb. It is used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Example-

(a.) She is walking slowly.                     (b.) She is very intelligent.

(c.) She is walking very slowly.            (d.) They are very smart.

Kinds of Adverb:

1.) Adverb of Time = Before, ago, lately, yet, now, soon, yesterday, already, never.

2.) Adverb of Frequency = Always, once, seldom, usually, rarely.

3.) Adverb of Place = Here, everywhere, down, near, away, backward, upward.

4.) Adverb of Manner = Slowly, so, soundly, delightfully.

5.) Adverb of Degree = Almost, fully, very, enough, rather, utterly, quite, too, really.

6.) Interrogative Adverb = How, what, when, why. 

7.) Adverb of Affirmation(Declaration) & Negation (Contradiction) = Certainly, apparently, obviously, no, undoubtedly.

8.) Relative Adverb = When, where, why, how. These adverbs are used to make an adjective clause. 

Rules of Adverb:

1. Rule I: Adjective qualifies a noun and a pronoun whereas adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, and an adverb. Example-

(a.) Her act was remarkable. 

(b.) She acted remarkably to achieve success.

2. Rule II: Adverbs of time such as always, often, already, just, never, ever, sometimes, frequently, recently, seldom, hardly, etc. are placed before the verb they modify. Example-

(a.) My brother comes often every Sunday. (Place 'often' before 'comes')

(b.) My brother often comes every Sunday. (Correct)

(c.) He goes usually to the movie every Friday. (Place 'usually' before 'goes')

(d.) He usually goes to the movie every Friday. (Correct)

3. Rule III: Adverbs of manners are placed only after the Intransitive verb. However, the adverb are placed either before or after the transitive verb. Example-

(a.) He soundly slept last night. (Place 'soundly' after 'slept')

(b.) He slept soundly last night. (Correct)

(c.) He returned immediately.

(d.) He briefly narrated the incident to me.

4. Rule IV: If the sentence is introduced by an adverb, inverted from the verb is used for the sake of emphasis. Example-

(a.) Never I'll see her again. (Incorrect)

(b.) Never will I see her again. (Correct)

(c.) I'll never see her again. (Correct)

(d.) Seldom he visits his parents. (Incorrect)

(e.) Seldom does he visit his parents. (Correct)

(f.) He seldom visits his parents. (Correct)

5. Rule V: Use of Else and Other.

'Else' Should be followed by 'but'. 'Other' and 'otherwise' are followed by 'than'.

(a.) It is nothing else than sheer madness. (Use 'but' in place of 'than')

(b.) It is nothing else but sheer madness. (Correct)

(c.) She had no other alternative but stay here. (Use 'than' in place of 'but')

(d.) She had no other alternative than stay here. (Correct)

6. Rule VI: Both 'never' and 'not' are adverbs. Hence, the use of 'never' for 'not' is incorrect. Example-

(a.) I never went to Shimla last year. (Use 'did not' in place of 'never')

(b.) I did not went to Shimla last year. (Correct)

(c.) I never remember to have said so. (Use 'do not' in place of 'never')

(d.) I don't remember to have said so. (Correct)

(e.) I remember never to have said so. (Correct)

7. Rule VII: Use 'Seldom or never', 'seldom, if ever', 'little or nothing', 'little, if anything'. The phrases 'seldom or ever' and 'little or anything' are wrong in use. Example-

(a.) We seldom or ever meet our relatives these days. (Incorrect)

(b.) We seldom or never (seldom, if ever) meet our relatives these days. (Correct)

8. Rule VIII: Negative adverbs should not be used with the words negative meaning. So, two negatives should be avoided. Seldom, nowhere, never, nothing, hardly, scarcely, neither, barely, rarely, are some of the adverbs expressing negative meaning. Example-

(a.) I rarely went to meet nobody across the road. (Use 'anybody' in place 'nobody')

(b.) I rarely went to meet anybody across the road.

(c.) They do not seldom come here. (Remove 'do not')

(d.) They seldom come here. (Correct)

(e.) He does nothing without never consulting me. (Use 'ever' for 'never')

(f.) He does nothing without ever consulting me. (Correct)

9. Rule IX: The use of very, much, so, too, enough, rather. 

(1.) Very : It modifies present participle used as adjective, adverb, and adjective in positive degree. 

(2.) Much : It is used with comparative degree and past participle. Example-

(a.) It is a much interesting picture. (use 'very' in place of 'much')

(b.) It is a very interesting picture. (Correct)

(c.) I was very exhausted in the evening. (use 'much' in place of 'very')

(d.) I was much exhausted in the evening. (Correct)

(3.) So & too : These should not be used without 'that' (Adverb clause) and 'too' (Infinitive) respectively. 'Very' & 'much' may be used in the place of so & too. Example-

(a.) My brother is so healthy. (Use 'very' in place of 'so')

(b.) My brother is very healthy. (Correct)

(c.) She is too healthy. (Say 'very' for 'too')

(d.) She is very healthy. (Correct)

(4.) Enough : This is both an adjective and adverb. It is always placed after the adjective which it modifies. An adjective is placed before a noun. Example-

(a.) She is enough wise to allow her son to go. (place 'enough' after 'wise')

(b.) She is wise enough to allow her son to go. (Correct)

(c.) He has enough money to spend. (Correct)

(d.) She is too kind to help everybody. (Say, 'kind enough' in place of 'too')

(e.) She is kind enough to help everybody. (Correct)

(5.) Rather : This is an adverb of degree like 'fairly, quite, pretty. It can be used before a noun. Rather is also used in case of preference. Example- rather than, had rather, etc.

(a.) She is rather intelligent.

(b.) He is walking rather slowly.

(c.) It is rather a nuisance.

10. Rule X: Difference between too, as well, also. These are used in the sense of "besides", "in addition to" in affirmative sentences. But "also" can't be used at the end position. 

(a.) She found her bag and money as well/too.

(b.) She plays the piano and the harmonium as well/too.

(c.) She found her bag and money also. (Say, "also money")

(d.) She found her bag and also money. (Correct)

11. Rule XI: While answering a question the adverb 'yes' or 'no' should be used according to the affirmative and negative answer. Example-

(a.) Have you taken food?

(b.) Yes, I have not taken so far. (Use, 'No' in place of 'Yes')

(c.) No, I have not taken so far. (Correct)

12. Rule XII: 

(1.) Adverb 'as' should be used to introduce predicative of the verbs. Regard, describe, define, treat, view, know, etc.

(2.) Adverb 'as' should be avoided to introduce predicative of the verbs. Name, elect, think, consider, call, appoint, make, choose, etc. Example-

(a.) I regard him my brother . (add, 'as' after 'him')

(b.) I regard him as my brother. (Correct)

(c.) Science has been defined the study of nature. (add, 'as' after 'defined')

(d.) Science has been defined as the study of nature. (Correct)

(e.) He was elected as the secretory of our club. (remove 'as')

(f.) He was elected the secretory of our club. (Correct)

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BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - ADJECTIVE

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR - ADJECTIVE

Adjective: An adjective is a word that tells us about or add to the meaning of a noun.

E.g. (a.) She is a kind lady.                      (b.) I like this pen.

        (c.) She lives in a large house.        (d.) He is a strong player.

There are following two classes of adjectives: (A.) Descriptive   (B.) Determiner

Position of Adjectives: 

(A.) Descriptive adjectives, are used both attributively and predicatively. It denotes the quality, size, colour, shape, etc. of a noun. (Ugly, heavy, dry, red, good.)

E.g. (a.) She is an honest girl. (Attributive use)

        (b.) The girl is honest. (Predicative use)

(B.) Determiner adjectives, are used only before the noun.

        Kind of Determiner Adjectives:

(1.) Demonstrative Adjectives: This, that, these, those.

(2.) Distributive Adjectives: Each, every, either, neither.

(3.) Quantitative Adjectives: Some, any, no, little.

(4.) Numerical Adjectives: Few, many, all, several, one, first.

(5.) Interrogative Adjectives: Which, what, whose.

(6.) Possessive Adjectives: My, our, your's, his, her, their, it's.

(7.) Relative Adjectives: who, which, what.

(8.) Emphatic Adjectives: Own, such, same, very.

(9.) Proper Adjectives: Indian, Asian, American.

(10.) Exclamatory Adjectives: What, which, how.

(11.) Present/Past Participle Adjectives: A wounded driver, a moving bus, a burnt man. 

(C.) Articles as Determines: A, An, The.

Distinction between Adjectives and Pronouns:

a.) Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns:

E.g. (1.) Please get the that book. (Adjective)

        (2.) That is my book. (Pronoun)

b.) Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns:

E.g. (1.) This is my book.   (Adjective)

        (2.) This book is mine. (Pronoun)

        (3.) It is her vanity box. (Adjective)

        (4.) This vanity box is hers. (Pronoun)

c.) Distributive Adjectives and Distributive Pronouns:

E.g. (1.) Either boy has stolen my book. (Adjective)

        (2.) Neither book will serve my purpose. (Adjective)

        (3.) I do not like either of the sisters. (Pronoun)

        (4.) We bought neither of the bikes. (Pronoun)

d.) Every, is only an adjective and it can't be used as determiner.

But Each, can be used both as adjective and pronoun.   

E.g. (1.) Every boy was present. (Adjective)

        (2.) Each boy was present. ((Adjective)

        (3.) Each of the boys will come. (Pronoun)

        (4.) Everyone of them is wasting money. (Pronoun)   

  

Rules of Adjectives: 

(1.) Rule I: Generally speaking adjective is used when the quality of a noun and pronoun rather than the action of a verb is expressed.

E.g. (1.) She is skilful dancer. (quality)

        (2.) She dances skilfully. (action)

        (3.) Sonu's act was thoughtful. (quality)

        (4.) Sonu acted thoughtfully. (action)

(2.) Rule II: The verb given are linking verbs. Some verbs are not modified by adverbs. (Be, become, seem, appear, taste, smell, sound, feel, turn, get, grow, keep, look, make , prove, etc.)

E.g. (1.) She appears sad.

        (2.) I feel sick.

        (3.) She has grown wise.

        (4.) She looked calm and quiet.  

        (5.) The mangoes taste sweetly. (Incorrect, use sweet)

       (6.) The mangoes taste sweet. 

       (7.) She talks sweetly. 

(3.) Rule III: There are some adjectives which don't admit of any comparative and superlative degree. Such adjectives denote absolute position. (Perfect, unique, ideal, chief, universal, extreme, complete, entire, excellent, impossible, absolute, etc.). Example-

(1.) I have never seen a more complete book on Science. (Incorrect, drop 'more')

(2.) I have never seen a complete book on Science. (Correct)

(3.) Happiness is the chiefest aim of mankind. (Incorrect, use 'chief')

(4.) Happiness is the chief aim of mankind. (Correct)

(5.) How can divided India become the most supreme power? ( Remove 'the most')

(6.) How can divided India become supreme power? (Correct)

 (4.) Rule IV: The comparative adjective such as 'prior, junior, senior, superior, prefer (verb), preferable, elder, etc. are followed by 'to' instead of 'them'. Example-

(1.) He is senior than me in service. (Incorrect, use 'to' in place of 'than')

(2.) He is senior to me in service. (Correct)

(3.) My sister is elder than me by two years. (Incorrect, Use 'to' in place of 'than')

(4.) My sister is elder to me by two years. (Correct)

(5.) She is comparatively smarter than her husband. (Incorrect, Use 'smart')

(6.) She is comparatively smart than her husband. (Correct)

(7.) Milk is more preferable to milk. (Incorrect, Remove 'more')

(8.) Milk is preferable to milk. (Correct) 

   

 (5.) Rule V: Note carefully the distinction among the following adjectives. Example-

(1.) Little : It is used for quantity. (Little, less, least).

It means hardly any. (Negative sense)

A little means not much or some. (Affirmative meaning)

The little means not much but all.

(2.) Few : It is used for number. (Few, fewer, fewest)

 It means hardly anyone/anything. (Negative sense)

 A few means not many or some (Affirmative meaning)

 The few means not many but all.  

(3.) Some : It is used for affirmative and while making request.

(4.) Any : It is used for negative and interrogative sentences. 

(5.) Later : It is opposite of earlier. (Refers to time)

(6.) Latter : It is opposite of former. (Refers to position)   

(7.) Other : It means the second of the two.

(8.) Another : It means additional one. (More) 

(9.) Somewhat : It is used as an adverb.

(10.) Farther : It means more distant. (Far, farther, farthest)

(11.) Further : It means additional.

(6.) Rule VI: When two adjectives qualify the same noun, both the adjectives should be expressed in the same degree. Examples-

(1.) She is most active and energetic social worker in our club. (Use 'most' before energetic).

(2.) She is most active and most energetic social worker in our club. (Correct)

(7.) Rule VII: Ordinal is placed before numerical adjective. Example-

(1.) You must study the two first chapters of the book. (Use, 'the first two')

(2.) You must study the first two chapters of the book. (Correct)

(3.) The two or last three lessons of your book are worth reading. (Use, 'the last two or three')

(4.) The last two or three lessons of your book are worth reading. (Correct)

(8.) Rule VIII: The comparative adjectives ending in '-er' (e.g. cleverer) should be used as 'more clever' while comparing the two qualities of one and the same thing or a person. Example-

(1.) She is cleverer than honest. (Incorrect, Use 'more cleaver')

(2.) She is more cleverer than honest. (Correct)

(3.) She is more clever than her sister. (Incorrect, Use 'cleverer' in place of 'more cleverer')

(4.) She is cleverer than her sister. (Correct, As we comparing between two)

(9.) Rule IX: The expression 'these' and 'those' should not be used with the singular nouns 'kind', 'type', and 'sort'. Example-

(1.) I will not do these kind/sort of acts. (Incorrect, Use, this kind/sort', for 'these kind/sort')

(2.) I will not do this kind/sort of acts. (Correct)

(3.) This type of articles are not allowed into the hall. (Incorrect, use 'is' for 'are')

(4.) This type of articles is not allowed into the hall. (Correct)

(10.) Rule X: Note- Carefully the use of 'others' & 'else; in comparative and superlative degrees. Example-

(1.) The Ganga is more sacred than any river of India. (Incorrect, Use 'other' after 'any')

(2.) The Ganga is more sacred than any other river of India.

(3.) My brother is the smartest player of all others in the team. (Incorrect, Remove 'others')

(4.) My brother is the smartest player of all in the team. (Correct).

(11.) Rule XI: The use of 'all, both, & whole' as adjectives.

(A)Place 'the' after 'all' & 'both' when used as adjectives for the plural nouns. But 'the' is used before 'whole'. For example-

(a.) All the students were present. (Correct)

(b.) Both the boys left soon. (Correct)

(c.) Whole country is suffering from drought. (Incorrect, say 'The whole')

(d.) The whole country is suffering from drought. (Correct) 

(12.) Rule XII: Either, neither, only, both, even, but,  and also should be placed immediately before the words they emphasise (quality, modify). Example-

(1.) Neither she is intelligent nor honest. (Incorrect, Use 'neither' before intelligent)

(2.) She is neither intelligent nor honest. (Correct)

(3.) Not only he likes to take coffee but also tea. (Incorrect, Use 'Not only' before 'coffee')

(4.) He likes to take not only coffee but also tea. (Correct) 

(13.) Rule XIII: 'As' is used in positive degree to denote equality while 'than' is used in the comparative degree. 'As' & 'than' are required to be used when a sentence contains adjectives in positive and comparative forms. Example-

(1.) She is honest, if not more honest than her brother. (Incorrect)

(2.) She is as honest as, if not more honest than her brother. (Correct)

(3.) I am as strong or even stronger than my foe. (Incorrect)

(4.) I am as strong as or even stronger than my foe. (Correct)

(14.) Rule XIV: The order of adjectives qualifying a noun. (SSACNM)

Size---> Shape ---> Age ---> Colour ---> Nationality ---> Material ---> Noun. 

(1.) Twenty years old black American Negro.

(2.) A big round black Indian plastic table.

(3.) A spacious dark cell.

(4.) A large glass room.

     

   

    

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 खेल विश्वविद्यालय

💨झारखंड राज्य के रांची में देश का पहला खेल विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना की जा रही है जो हमारे लिए गर्व की बात है।

💨2015 में  झारखंड सरकार और सेंट्रल कोलफील्ड रांची सीसीएल के बीच  खेल विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना के लिए समझौता हुआ।

💨राज्य में इसका वर्ल्ड क्लास इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर होगा।

💨झारखंड के खिलाड़ियों ने देश और दुनिया में झारखंड का परचम लहराया है।

💨इस समझौता के अंतर्गत 2018 तक विश्वविद्यालय की स्थापना करेगा जो शारीरिक शिक्षा,योग,   व्यायाम क्रिया,विज्ञान एवं जीव यांत्रिक,क्रीड़ा प्रबंधन कौशल एवं क्रीड़ा मनोविज्ञान तथा समाज विज्ञान,उन्नत क्रीड़ा प्रशिक्षण एवं तकनीकी इत्यादि में उच्च शिक्षा प्रदान करेगा।

💨सीसीएल खेल विश्वविद्यालय की विद्यार्थी क्षमता का 50% झारखंड निवासियों से चयन करेगा और झारखंड निवासी को ली जाने वाली उनकी राशि पर 25% की छूट प्रदान करेगा।

💨सीसीएल को वृहद क्रीड़ा परिसर होटवार एवं एस्ट्रोटर्फ हॉकी क्रीड़ागण मोराबादी 30 वर्षों की स्वीकृति पर देगा।

💨फरवरी 2011 में 34वें राष्ट्रीय खेल आयोजन के बाद विशाल खेल परिसर अनुपयुक्त पड़ा था इसके समुचित उपयोग के लिए आवश्यक था कि यहां खेल विश्वविद्यालय बनाया जाए।

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