Jharkhand ki Pramukh Nadi Ghati Pariyojna (झारखण्ड की प्रमुख नदी घाटी परियोजनाएँ)

झारखण्ड की बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजनाएं

झारखण्ड का भूगोल

एक से अधिक उद्देश्यों को लेकर बनाई नदी घाटी परियोजना को बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजना कहते हैं 

जैसे:-सिंचाई ,बाढ़ नियंत्रण ,पेयजल आपूर्ति ,जल विद्युत, नहर परिवहन ,पयर्टन इत्यादि की पूर्ति बहुउद्देशीय परियोनाओं के तहत की जाती हैं ।

         भारत के प्रथम प्रधानमंत्री पंडित जवाहर लाल नेहरू ने नदी घाटी परियोजना को आधुनिक भारत का मंदिर कहा है । 

झारखण्ड में बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजना निम्न हैं :-

1 . दामोदर घाटी परियोजना

💨दामोदर घाटी निगम की स्थापना 7 जुलाई 1948 को सयुंक्त राज्य अमेरिका की टेनेसी नदी घाटी   परियोजना द्वारा हुआ था,यह भारत की प्रथम बहुउद्देशीय नदी घाटी परियोजना है। 

💨दामोदर नदी दो राज्यों में झारखण्ड और पश्चिम बंगाल में प्रवाहित होती है। 

💨मानसून कल में दामोदर नदी में बाढ़ आने के कारण पश्चिम बंगाल राज्य पूरी तरह बाढ़ से प्रभावित हो जाता है,यही कारण है की इसे बंगाल का शोक कहा जाता है। 

उद्देश्य :-

💨दामोदर घाटी निगम  के निवासियो का सामाजिक-आर्थिक कल्याण । 

💨औद्योगिक  और घरेलु उपयोग के लिए जलापूर्ति।  

💨पर्यावरण संरक्षण तथा वनीकरण,

💨सिंचाई ,बाढ़ नियंत्रण ,पेयजल आपूर्ति ,जल विद्युत, नहर परिवहन इत्यादि का लाभ मिले । 

दमोदर घाटी निगम का नियंत्रण 

💨दामोदर घाटी निगम का मुख्यालय में कोलकत्ता है। 

💨यह एक संयुक्त परियोजना है झारखण्ड और पश्चिम बंगाल का । 

💨पश्चिम बंगाल में बाढ़ की समस्या को रोकने के लिए ही 8 बड़े बांध,
 1-अवरोध बांध,6 जल विद्युत गृह और 3 तापीय विद्युत गृह बनाये गए हैं । 

8 बड़े बांध निम्न प्रकार है :-

1 . तिलैया  बांध -  बराकर नदी में 

2 . मैथन बांध -  बराकर नदी में 

3 . बाल पहाड़ी -बराकर नदी में 

4 . पंचेत बांध -दामोदर नदी में 

5 . अय्यर बांध -दामोदर नदी में 

6 . बेरमो बांध -दामोदर नदी में 

7 . बोकारो बांध -बोकारो बांध में 

8 . कोनार बांध -बोकारो बांध में 

अवरोध बांध-1 

💨 दुर्गापुर अवरोधक  बांध

जल विद्युत गृह-6 

1 . तिलैया बिद्युत गृह, 2. मैथन बिद्युत गृह, 3 -बालपहाडी बिद्युत गृह, 4-पंचेत बिद्युत गृह,

5 -बेरमो बिद्युत गृह, 6-कोनार बिद्युत गृह

तापीय विद्युत गृह-3 

💨1 -बोकारो ,2-चन्द्रपुरा , 3 -दुर्गापुर की 

💨1 -बोकारो ,2-चन्द्रपुरा , 3 -दुर्गापुर ,इन तीनों संगठन का महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है की कोयला ,जल ,तरल ईंधन  तीनों स्रोतों से विद्युत  उत्पादन करने वाली प्रथम संगठन है । 

2 . स्वर्ण रेखा परियोजना

💨स्वर्ण रेखा परियोजना की स्थापना 1982-1983 में हुआ था । 

💨झारखण्ड ,ओड़िसा और पश्चिम बंगाल तीनों की संयुक्त परियोजना  है ।

💨वर्ल्ड बैंक इनको आर्थिक सहायता प्रदान करता है ।

💨इसमें बांध और बैराज बना हुआ है ।

💨स्वर्ण रेखा नदी पर दो चांडिल और गालूडीह डैम हैं ।

💨 खरकई नदी पर दो इचा बांध और गाजिया बांध हैं।

3 . मयूराक्षी परियोजना 

💨झारखण्ड और पश्चिम बंगाल दोनों की संयुक्त परियोजना  है ।

💨मयूराक्षी परियोजना दुमका जिला के मसानजोर नामक स्थान में स्थित है,
💨मयूराक्षी परियोजना कनाडा देश की आर्थिक से सहायता बनाया गया है ।

💨मयूराक्षी परियोजना के ऊपरी भाग में कनाडा बांध है ।

💨मयूराक्षी परियोजना के निचले भाग में एक अवरोध बांध तिलपड़ा में बना  है ।

💨मयूराक्षी परियोजना में 'कनाडा बांध को ही मसानजोर बांध कहा जाता है ।

4 .उत्तरी कोयल परियोजना

💨उत्तरी कोयल परियोजना की स्थापना 1972 में हुआ था। 

💨वन विभाग द्वारा 1993 में रोका गया था।

💨उत्तरी कोयल परियोजना को मंडल डैम क नाम से भी जाना जाता है।

💨मंडल डैम से पलामू ,गढ़वा ,बिहार के औरंगाबाद और गया को लाभ मिलता है। 

💨अब इसकी  5 जनवरी 2019 को प्रधानमंत्री नरेंद्र मोदी द्वारा पलामू जिला में शुरुवात की गयी है ।

5 . कोयलकारो परियोजना 

💨कोयलकारी परियोजना में कोयल और करो नदी पर बांध बनाये गए हैं। 

💨यह योजना 1973 -1974  में शुरुवात की गयी थी ।

💨अब यह बंद है 2003 से । 

Read More

Basic English Grammar - Noun

BasicEnglish Grammar - Noun

Noun - A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, states, substances, events, ideas, and feelings. It functions as a subject or object of a verb and also can be modified by an adjective.

Example - Mohan, tiger, desk, love, freedom.

• I live in India.
• Sarita is my sister.
• I love to play with my dog.

1. Kind of Noun: There are different kinds of nouns.

       1. Common Noun: It is the name given in common to every person or thing of a similar kind. However, it refers to the name of a single person, place, or thing.

E.g. (a.) I really like the song that is playing on the radio.

       (b.) Let's pick the pink flowers for your sister.

       (c.) People: girl, boy, engineer, president.

       (d.) Places: city, house, country, beach, yard.

       (e.)Things: pen, pencil, phone, candle, desk

        (f.) Ideas: courage, sadness, confidence.

       2. Collective Noun: A collective noun describes a group of things or people as a unit. This noun is considered to be singular, and a singular verb is used with them. 

E.g. (a.) The union has submitted its report. 

        (b.) Our class took a field trip to the natural geography museum. 

        (c.) Napolean's army was finally defeated at Waterloo.

        (d.) Groups = A very general term used to describe people, things, places, and animals.

        (e.) Crowd = group of people.

        (f.) Shoal = a group of fish.

        (g.) Swarms = a group of insects.

      3. Abstract Noun: It is the name of an idea, quality, state, or concept (love, freedom, courage). Concrete nouns name something recognizable through the sense (dog, air, tree)

 E.g. (a.) Fear - She was full of fear.

         (b.) Love - Love is a wonderful thing!

         (c.) Peace - Let there be peace on. 

        4. Compound Noun: A compound noun refers to two or more nouns combined to form a single noun. (fruit juice, schoolgirl, mother-in-law)

E.g. (a.) Emma is my sister-in-law.

       (b.) The police-man rushed to the scene of the crime.

       (c.) Get your hair-cut today.

        5. Countable Noun: Countable (or count) nouns have a singular and a plural form. In the plural, these nouns can be used with a number- they can be counted. (E.g. Chairs, boys, houses, friends).

         Uncountable (non-count) nouns, however, can only be used in the singular. They can't be counted. (E.g. Money, rice, water, coffee).

E.g. (a.) There are almost 15 restaurants in Mumbai where I like to go.

        (b.) We took many photographs when we went to the hill stations.

2. Number of Noun: (Singular vs Plural). A noun can singular or plural. Mostly he plural form of a noun is formed by adding "-s" at the end of the noun. But this is not always the case. There are exceptions to the rule. Some plural nouns are irregular.

      1. Singular Noun: It refers to one person, one place, one idea, or one thing. 

Eg. (a.) A boy is playing football on the ground.

      (b.) There is only one window in that house.

      2. Plural Noun: It refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea. For the plural form of the most nouns, add "-s" to the end of the word.

E.g. (a.) We have bought new books.

       (b.) My sisters have given me a gift on Rakhi.

     3. For some plurals, there are different ending to the word. The noun that end in "-x", "-s", "-ch", add "-es" to make plural number. 

                   box - boxes (-es added after -x end)

                  dress - dresses (-es added after -s end)

                  watch - watches (-e added after -ch end)

     4. Nouns ending with "-f", or "-fe" changes "f" to "v", and "-es" to make plural.

                  life - lives                     wife - wives

                  leaf - leaves                   knife - knives

     5. Some nouns have a different plural form. 

                 child - children                mouse - mice

                 man - men                      woman - women

   

                

Read More

NCERT Chapter Summary and Solutions For Class 6 Social Science Geography Chapter 6 - Major Landforms of the Earth

CHAPTER - 6 

MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH

MajorLandforms of the Earth - The landform is a natural or artificial feature of the solid surface of the Earth or the planetary body.

• The Major type of landform is - 1. Mountains, 2. Hills, 3. Plateau, 4. Plains
•  The Minor type of landform is - 1. Buttes, 2. Canyons, 3. Valleys, 4. Basins

The Landforms are results of 2 processes:- 1. Internal process, 2. External process

• Internal Process - It is a type of continuous movement within the earth that lead to the upliftment and sinking of the earth's surface at several places. The earth beneath the feet is continuously moving and it is driven by the heat (in the form of energy) in the earth's interior. E.g. Convection, Tectonic plate movement, Rock formation, Earthquake, Volcanic eruptions, etc.

• External Process - It is the continuous wearing off and rebuilding of the land surface. They are powered by solar energy. E.g. Soil erosion, deposition, etc.

Fig. Landforms

Erosion: The wearing off the earth's surface. It is being lowered by the external process.            

  Fig. Soil Erosion

Deposition: When the river loses its energy, it drops any of the material it has been carrying. The surface is being rebuilt by the external process.            

Fig. The force of moving river water - Erosion & Deposition 

The major type of landform (Depending on Elevation & Slope):-

A. Mountains: 

• Mountains are natural elevations of the earth's surface. They vary in shape and size.
• They are higher than in the surrounding area. Some of them are even higher than the clouds.
• Glaciers, a permanently frozen river of ice. 
• Rivers have their sources in the mountains and it is used for irrigation and the generation of hydro-electricity.
• The climate of the mountain is harsh, which makes them less suitable for human habitation.
• The river valley and terraces are ideal for crop cultivation, though some mountains have steep slopes. Hence, farming is quite difficult there.
• Mountains have a rich variety of flora and fauna. Fuel, food, fodder, shelter, timber, and other products like gum, raisins, etc. can easily get from mountain and forest.
• Mountain provides an idyllic scene and their scenic beauty for tourists. They can enjoy recreational activities like paragliding, hang gliding, river rafting, and skiing.
• The mountain may be arranged in a series of parallel extending over hundreds of kilometers known as, Range. E.g. the Himalayas (in Asia), the Alps (in Europe), the Andes (in South America).

There are 3 types of Mountains: 1. Fold mountain, 2. Block mountain, 3. Volcanic mountain

1. Fold Mountain: It is created by where two or more of Earth's tectonic plates are pushed together. As this colliding, compressing boundaries of rocks, and debris are wrapped and folded into rocky outcrops, hills, mountains, and the entire mountain ranges.
2. It is divided into 3 types of fold mountains.
3. Young fold mountain: Age- 10 to 25 million years old. They have rugged relief and high conical peaks. E.g. The Himalaya mountain (in Asia) and the Alps mountain (in Europe), the Rocky (in North America)
4. Old mountain: Age- 200 million years old. They do not have pointed high peaks due to erosional activities of exogenic forces. E.g. The Aravali range (in India), The Appalachians (in North America), Ural mountain (in Russia).

    

Fig. Young Fold Mountain                                                                     Fig. Old Fold Mountain 

2. Block Mountain: These are created when a block of bedrock is broken and split into vertically by tectonic activity. It is also called Fault block mountains.

1. The upliftment blocks are - horsts.
2. The lower blocks are - graben.
3. Example: Satpura= seven mountain, and Vindhya range= group of the discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, plateau escarpment, highland, hill ranges (in India), The Great American rift valley (graben, valley floor), Vosges mountain in Europe (horst).

        

Fig. Satpura Range (India)                                                           Fig. Vosges Mountain (Europe)

                                                             Fig. Block Mountain

3. Volcanic Mountain: They are formed by volcanic activity. It is formed when magma or lava (molten rock) of deep earth erupts and heap upon the surface. When the ash, steam, gases, and magma cool down, then build a cone of rock. E.g. Mt. Kilimanjaro (in Africa) and Mt.  Fujiyama (in Japan).

        

Fig. Volcanic Mountain                                                                         Fig. Mt. Fujiyama (in Japan)

B. Plateau: High Plane or Tableland.

• Plateau is the flat-topped tableland standing above the surrounding area and, have one or more sides with steep slopes.
• They may be young or old and their heights vary from a few hundred-meter to thousand meters.
• It is the "storehouse" of minerals like Iron (Fe), coal (C), gold (Au), and diamond. E.g. Gold and Diamond (in African Plateau), Iron, Coal, Manganese in Chotanagpur plateau (in India).
• There are several waterfalls flow in the plateau area, as the river falls a great height. E.g. Hundru fall (in Chotanagpur plateau) on the river Subarnarekha, Jog waterfall (in Karnataka).
• Many plateaux have scenic beauty spots and are great attractions for tourists. Eg. Deccan Plateau.
• Soil - Black soil, which is fertile and good for cultivation.
• The oldest plateau in the world - The Deccan plateau (in India), The East African plateau (in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), Western plateau (in Australia) 
• Highest plateau in the world - The Tibet plateau, in Tibet, China (elevation = 4,000 m to 6,000 m above the sea level).

              

 Fig. Mumbai-Pune Expressway on Deccan Plateau       Fig. Tibet Plateau (Highest plateau in the world)

                                                                             

             

Fig.East African Plateau (Oldest plateau)                              Fig. Hundru Fall (Ranchi) on Subarnarekha River

C. Plains: Flat and Sweeping landmass.

• Height - about 200 m above sea level.
• Mostly plains are formed by the rivers and their tributaries. The river flows down the slopes of the mountains and gradually destroyed. The river water carries the eroded materials and deposits their load consisting of stones, sand, and slit along with their journey. 
• Due to the deposition of alluvial soil usually, plains are fertile region, which is suitable for cultivation. Hence, a higher concentration of population lives there. E.g. Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains (in India), and the Yangtze plains (in China).
• It is easy to build a house, flat, buildings, roads, etc. in plains.

Fig. Cultivation in Plains

                                           NECRT EXERCISES

Q. The difference between a mountain and a plateau is given below:

Mountain	Plateau
A mountain is a natural elevation of the earth's surface.	A plateau is an elevated flat land.
It is considerably higher than the surrounding area.	It is a flat-topped tableland, standing above the surrounding area.
Peaks of mountains is the pinnacle. E.g. Himalaya (in India)	Plateau is flat from the top and steep to gentle from the sides. E.g. Deccan Plateau (in India)

2. Tick the correct answer.

(a)The mountains differ from the hills in terms of
(i) elevation    (ii) slope     (iii)aspect.

(b)Glaciers are found in
(i) the mountains (ii) the plains(iii)the plateaus.

(c)The Deccan plateau is located in
(i) Kenya (ii) Australia (iii)India.

(d)The river Yangtze flows in
(i) South America(ii) Australia (iii)China.

(e)An important mountain range of Europe is  ‘
(i) the Andes (ii) the Alps (iii)the Rockies.

3. Fill in the blanks.
(a)A………plain… is an unbroken flat or a low-level land.
(b)The Himalayas and the Alps are examples of……………young, fold……… types of mountains.
(c) ……Plateau… areas are rich in mineral deposits.
(d)The……range…… is a line of mountains.
(e) The ………plain.  Areas are most producing for farming.

            

                                                                                                              

Read More