Wednesday, August 19, 2020
Santhal Pargana Kashtkari Adhiniyam 1949 Part-6 (संथाल परगना काश्तकारी अधिनियम पार्ट-6)
Tuesday, August 18, 2020
Santhal Pargana Kashtkari Adhiniyam 1949 Part-5 संथाल परगना काश्तकारी अधिनियम पार्ट-5
Santhal Pargana Kashtkari Adhiniyam 1949 Part-5
अध्याय- 6 (धारा - 53)
कतिपय प्रयोजनों के लिए भूस्वामी द्वारा भूमि का अर्जन
💥धारा - 53
न्यायिक प्रक्रिया (धारा - 54 से 63)
💥धारा - 54
💥धारा - 55
💥धारा - 56
💥धारा - 57
💥धारा - 58
💥धारा - 59
💥धारा - 60
💥धारा - 61
💥धारा - 62
💥धारा - 63
Monday, August 17, 2020
#Jharkhand Ka Naya Logo# (झारखंड का नया लोगो)
#Jharkhand Ka Naya Logo
झारखंड राज्य का नया प्रतीक चिन्ह अस्मिता का प्रतीक है।
नया विचार।। नया संकल्प ।। नयी पहचान ।।
14 अगस्त 2020 को झारखंड राज्य की राजधानी रांची के मोराबादी मैदान के आर्यभट्ट सभागार में एक कार्यक्रम आयोजित किया गया। इस आयोजित कार्यक्रम के मुख्य अतिथि झारखंड राज्य के राज्यपाल श्रीमती द्रोपति मुर्मू थी। इस कार्यक्रम में झारखण्ड के मुख्यमंत्री श्री हेमंत सोरेन भी शामिल हुए। इस कार्यक्रम के दौरान ही झारखंड राज्य के नए (लोगो) प्रतीक चिन्ह का झारखंड वासियों को समर्पित किया गया। इस नए (लोगो )प्रतीक चिन्ह के बारे में श्रीमती द्रौपदी मुर्मू ने बताया कि यह प्रतीक चिन्ह झारखंड राज्य की पहचान और स्वाभिमान को दर्शाता है।
मुख्यमंत्री श्री हेमंत सोरेन ने इस नए (लोगो )प्रतीक चिन्ह के बारे में कहा कि यह प्रतीक चिन्ह झारखंड राज्य की लोगों की भावनाओं को दर्शाता है। इसके अलावा और भी मुख्यमंत्री के कथन हैं जो निम्नलिखित हैं।
"यह प्रतीक चिन्ह हमारी संस्कृति को रेखांकित करता है। यह हमारी अस्मिता का द्योतक और हमारी चेतना का प्रतीक है। राज्य के प्राकृतिक परिवेश एवं यहां के लोगों के जीवन दर्शन को अपने में समेटे हुए हमारी पहचान को समग्रता से प्रकट करता है"।
- हेमंत सोरेन, मुख्यमंत्री झारखंड
झारखंड का नया प्रतीक चिन्ह अस्मिता का प्रतीक है, और झारखंड राज्य का नया प्रतीक चिन्ह गोलाकार है। जो प्रगति के प्रतीक का सूचक है,जैसे पहिया या चक्र लगातार घूमते हुए आगे बढ़ता है उसी तरह झारखण्ड भी प्रगति के पथ पर आगे बढ़ता रहेगा।
नया विचार। नया संकल्प। नई सोच।
💥कुल घेरों की संख्या - 7
💥बीच वाले गोल घेरे में - अशोक स्तंभ ,सत्यमेव जयते
💥दूसरे घेरे में -सफेद गोल घेरे -60
💥तीसरे गोल घेरे में - मानव आकृति - 48 (24 जोड़ी )
💥चौथे गोल घेरे में - पलाश के फूल (राजकीय पुष्प )-24
💥पांचवे गोल घेरे में - सफ़ेद हाथी की आकृति (राजकीय पशु )-24
💥छठे गोल घेरे में - झारखण्ड सरकार & GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND
💥 सातवाँ घेरा रिक्त
नए प्रतीक चिन्ह की विशेषताएं:-
💥 हरा रंग
हरा रंग - नए राज्य चिन्ह का हरा रंग झारखंड राज्य की हरी-भरी धरती और संपूर्ण राज्य में फैली हरियाली और वन संपदा का परिचय देता है। प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य और संसाधनों से अलंकृत झारखंड विकास के पथ पर लंबे-लंबे पग भरने हेतु आवश्यक खनिज सम्पदा से परिपूर्ण है।
💥 हाथी
हाथी -हाथी राज्य के ऐश्वर्या और प्रचुर प्राकृतिक संसाधनों को दर्शाता है। हाथी झारखंड के महान इतिहास शक्ति और सामूहिक बुद्धिमता का प्रतीक है। वर्तमान और सुनहरे भविष्य के मध्य खड़ी सभी बाधाओं का सामना करते हुए आगे बढ़ने के संकल्प का प्रतीक है।
💥पलाश फूल
पलाश का फूल -पलाश का फूल "फ़प्लेम ऑफ द फॉरेस्ट" के नाम से मशहूर पलाश या टुशु का फूल झारखंड के प्राकृतिक सौंदर्य एवं सुरम्यता को प्रतिबिंबित करता है। पुष्पित होता पलाश का फूल बसंत ऋतु के आगमन का प्रतीक है। वसंत ऋतु जो समृद्धि का संदेश लेकर आता है।
💥 सौरा चित्रकारी(स्थानीय उत्सव)
सौरा चित्रकारी(स्थानीय उत्सव) - स्थानीय त्योहारों को चित्रित करने वाले जनजातीय कला को नए राज्य चिन्ह में स्थान दिया गया है। जो राज्य की समृद्धि और विविधता पूर्ण परंपराओं के साथ उसकी निराली संस्कृति और धरोहर का परिचय कराते हैं।
💥 अशोक स्तंभ ,सत्यमेव जयते
अशोक स्तंभ ,सत्यमेव जयते- झारखंड का नए राज्य चिन्ह के केंद्रीय भाग में अशोक स्तंभ है, यह राष्टीय प्रतीक चिन्ह होने के साथ झारखंड राज्य की सम्प्रभुता शक्ति का द्योतक है। उसमें उकेरा गया अशोक स्तंभ भारत के उत्तम सहकारी संघवाद, इसमें झारखंड की सहभागिता एवं अद्वितीय भूमिका को रेखांकित करता है।
Sunday, August 16, 2020
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT SOME METALS - CHEMISTRY (SCIENCE)
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT METALS (SCIENCE):
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'A':
- Aluminum hydroxide (AlOH3): used to make waterproof & Stainless cloth.
- Auric chloride (AuCl3): used to make antivenom needle.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'B':
- Babbitt metal/ Non-Ferrous Alloy: It contains [Tin(Sn)- 89%, Antimony(Sb)- 9%, & Copper(Cu)- 2%] = used in engine to support moving mechanical parts & protects them from frictional degradation.
- Barium (Ba): In fireworks, green color is due to Barium.
- Barium Sulphate (BaSO4): used in X-ray of the abdomen as barium-meal.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'C':
- Calcium Hydride/Hydrolith (CaH2): used as dry alcohol. It is used to prepare fire-proof & waterproof clothes.
- Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO2): Bleaching powder, used for water treatment.
- Cadmium rod: used in the Nuclear reactor to slow down the speed of the neutron.
- Chromium trioxide(CrO3)/Chromic Acid: used for chrome plating on a metal object.
- Cobalt-60 (Co-60): used in Cancer treatment.
- Cytochrome: In cytochrome Iron (Fe) is present.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'F':
- Ferric oxide (Fe2O3): the reaction with Aluminium (Al) is used to fill up the cracks of railway tracks & machine parts = Thermite reaction.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'G':
- Gun powder: contains [ Pottasium nitrate(KNO3)- 75%, Sulphar- 10%, Charcoal- 15%].
- Galvanised Iron (Fe) is coated with Zinc - to prevent rusting.
- Gallium (Ga) metal: liquid at room temperature.
- Gold (Au): Pure gold is 24 carat. To harden the gold, copper (Cu) is mixed.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'I':
- Iron & Mercury (Fe & Hg): produces more resistance in comparison to other during the flow of electricity.
- Iron Pyrites (FeS2): known as Fool's gold.
- Iron Cast: percentage of Carbon in cast iron = 2.5 - 5%, wrought iron = 01 - 0.2%
- Iron (Ferric) oxide (Fe2O3): the reaction with Aluminium (Al) is used to fill up the cracks of railway tracks & machine parts = Thermite reaction.
- Iron(Fe): Anemia is caused due to deficiency of Iron in the body while excess iron in the body may cause siderosis.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'L':
- Lead (Pb): used to write on paper as it is a 'stable element'. Combustion of petrol in automobiles pollutes the air by producing the lead.
- Lead arsenic (PbHASO4): is an alloy used to make bullets.
- Lead Carbon: used to make an artificial part of the body.
- Lead Oxide(PbO)/Litharage: used in rubber industries in the manufacturing of storage batteries & flint glass.
- Lead-pipe: is not used for drinking water because it forms poisonous lead hydroxide Pb(OH2).
- Lead & Tin: used in fuse-wire.
- Lithium (Li): the highest & the most reductant element.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'M':
- Mercury (Hg): known as 'Quick Silver'. It is kept in Iron (Fe) pot because it doesn't form the amalgam with Iron.
- Mercury & Argon: vapor of mercury(Hg) & argon(Ar) is used in tubelight.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'M':
- Nitrogen (N2) gas: In flash-bulb, Magnesium (Mg) wire is kept in an atmosphere of Nitrogen gas.
- Nichrome (NiFeCr): wire used in the electrical heater.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'O':
- Oxides of metals are alkaline.
- Osmium (Os): heaviest metal.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'P':
- Platinum (Pt): hardest metal.
- Palladium (Pd) metal: used in an airplane.
- Potassium (K): Onion & Garlic have an odor due to Potassium.
- Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3): Known as "Pearl Ash"- used in making soap & glass.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'R':
- Radium (Ra): extracted from pitchblende (Uraninite).
- Rusting of Iron(Fe2O3): = Chemical changes that increase the weight of Iron.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'S':
- Selenium (Se): used in the photoelectric cells.
- Silver & Copper (Ag & Cu): best conductor of electricity.
- Silver & Gold (Ag & Au): most malleable metal.
- Silver Chloride (AgCl): used in photochromatic glass.
- Silver Iodide (AgI): used in artificial rain.
- Silver Nitrate (AgNO2): used as Marker during an election. It is kept in a colored bottle to avoid decomposition.
- Silver Sulfide(Ag2S): Silver spoon is not used in egg food because it forms black Silver sulfide.
- Sodium Peroxide (Na2O2): used in submarine & also to purify closed air in the hospital.
- Stannous Sulphide (SnS2): called 'Mosaic gold'. It is used as paint. Sn shows the allotropy.
- Strontium (Sr): In fireworks, crimson red color is due to the presence of Sr.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'T':
- Titanium (Ti): Strategic metal, it is lighter than Iron (Fe).
- Tetra-ethyl lead (C8H20Pb): used as an anti-knocking compound.
- Tungsten (W): melting point= 3500 degrees C. To prevent oxidation of tungsten, the air is removed from the electric bulb.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'U':
- Uranium (U): a heavy radioactive metal & it belongs to actinide group. It is used in the manufacture atom bomb.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'W':
- Wilson Disease: Excess of copper (Cu) in the human body or copper poisoning, causes inherited disorder.
- World-famous Eiffel Tower has a steel & cement base.
Metal's name & fact starting with the letter 'Z':
- Zinc Phosphide (Zn3P2): used for killing rats.
- Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2): It is coated with wooden furniture to prevent termites.
- Zinc Oxide (ZnO): known as 'Flower of Zinc'. It is also known as Chinese white & used as white paint.
- Zeolite: made up of metal ions of sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium & Silicon. It is used to remove the hardness of the water.
- Zirconium (Zr): metal burns in oxygen as well as in nitrogen.
- Zirconium (Zr), Cadmium (Cd), Boron (B): To capability to absorb neutrons & used in a nuclear reactor.
Saturday, August 15, 2020
Jharkhand ke Khel Vibhuti (झारखंड के खेल विभूति)
Jharkhand ke Khel Vibhuti
झारखंड के खेल विभूति
1. जयपाल सिंह मुंडा -(खेल हॉकी)
2. महेंद्र सिंह धोनी (मानद लेफ्टिनेंट कर्नल महेंद्र सिंह धोनी)
खेल -(क्रिकेट)
3. मिशल बेंजामिन लकड़ा खेल - (इंटरनेशनल बॉक्सर)
4. माइकल किंडो (खेल -हॉकी )
6. असुंता लकड़ा (खेल -हॉकी)
7. लक्ष्मी पाडिया (खेल -बॉक्सर)
8. सिल्वानस डुंगडुंग (खेल -हॉकी)
9. निक्की प्रधान (खेल -हॉकी)
10. शुभलक्ष्मी (खेल -क्रिकेट )
11. पूर्णिमा महतो (खेल - तीरंदाज)
12. दीपिका कुमारी (खेल - तीरंदाज)
13.वरुण आरोन (खेल - क्रिकेट)
14. प्रेमलता अग्रवाल (पर्वतरोही)
16. सावित्री पूर्ति (खेल - हॉकी)
POPULAR UPRISING & REVOLTS UP TO 1857 - HISTORY
POPULAR RISINGS & REVOLTS UP TO 1857
The establishment of British Rule was not a sudden event but a slow & gradual process comprising many wars & conquests, resulting in forceful subjugation of the Indian people.
Naturally, it was a process resented & resisted at every stage.
The British introduced rapid changes, which had an adverse impact on various aspects of Indian life. Consequently, people reacted to this new rule in two broadway.
These uprisings were directed against the common experience of oppression, brought about by the colonialists & their indigenous supporters.
Though these uprisings were localized in varying degrees, they emerged as the first expression of protest against the oppressive foreign rule & formed a significant prelude to the Revolt of 1857, also referred to as the- "First War of Independence".
Civil Rebellions:
- Civil Rebellions generally led by the rulers or their descendants, officials & retainers of the conquered Indian States as well as by improvised landlords & poligars (landed military magnets South India).
- The mass base of these rebellions was provided by ruined peasants, artisans, & soldiers.
- Group of small farmers or a farm laborer.
- They were the sons of the soil, i.e. all those who were directly engaged in agricultural production.
- The earliest inhabitants of a region.
- They were lived in deep forests or hilly areas & shared a close bond with their land, forest & forest resources.
- The tribal peasants combined agriculture with hunting & food gathering and even manufacturing from forest-based products.
- Their relative isolation & closer ethnic bonds differentiated them from peasants.
Causes of the Pre-1857 Uprising:
- Several Rajas & Nawabs lost their principalities owing to the Company's policy of expansion.
- Thousands of zamindars & poligars were uprooted; their rights were taken over by the colonial state.
- They were forced to sell their rights due to their inability to pay higher revenues.
- The Company introduced rapid changes in administration & land revenue system, disrupting agrarian society.
- The new land settlements (Permanent, Ryotwari & Mahalwari) created new ownership.
- The colonial rulers insisted payment of revenue in cash, encouraging money lending practices which often resulted in heavy peasant indebtedness & landlessness.
- The new land settlements also did away with certain customary rights like forest & pasturage rights.
- Caste/Communal differences got strained.
- Peasants were forced to grow cash crops like indigo, cotton instead of food grains, even in years of food grain scarcity, resulting in increased peasant exploitation & even famines.
- The new judicial & administrative systems further encouraged the rich to oppress the poor. Cultivators were flogged, tortured & jailed for non-payment of rent, taxes & interests.
- Corruption in lower levels of judiciary & administration made the life of the common man miserable.
- Colonialism also spelled doom for Indian artisans. As per the colonial policy, India was to be a market for British goods. These machine-made British goods were cheaper & finer than those made by Indian artisans. Without the demand for their handmade goods, the Indian artisans were thrown into unemployment.
- While India was flooded with British manufactures, discriminatory tariffs were levied against Indian goods in Britain, ruining the Indian handloom & handicraft industry both ways.
- Destruction of the indigenous industry led to large scale migrations from industry to agriculture (called peasantisation) with no simultaneous improvement in agriculture. This further increased pressure on land.
- The colonial administration ended the relative isolation of tribals & brought them within the ambit of the colonial economy & exploitation.
- It intruded into the tribal polity, encroached upon tribal lands & transformed tribal relationships with land & forests.
- It recognized the tribals as zamindars & introduced new land revenue system, taxed tribal products.
- The colonial administration introduced a large number of outsiders among the tribals. These included middlemen such as the traders, revenue farmers & money landers who pulled the tribals into the very center of colonial exploitation.
Popular Uprisings up to 1857:
Bengal & Eastern India:
Revolts |
Period |
Sanyasi-Fakir
Rebellion |
1763
- 1800 |
Chuar
Rebellion (Midnapur) |
1766
– 1772 1795
- 1816 |
Peasant
Uprising of Rangpur & Dinajpur |
1820
- 37 |
Ho
& Munda Rising |
1820
- 37 |
Kol
Uprising (Chota
Nagpur Plateau) |
1825 |
Pagal
Panthis Revolt |
1825 |
Ahoma’s
Revolt (Assam) |
1828 |
Khasi
Revolt (Khasi
Hill) |
1829 |
Faraizi
Disturbances |
1838
- 51 |
Khond
Uprising (Orissa) |
1837
- 56 |
Savara
Rebellion |
1856
- 57 |
Santhal
Rebellion (Rajmahal
Hills) |
1855
- 56 |
Western India:
Revolts |
Period |
Bhil
Uprising (Khandesh, Western Ghats) |
1818,
1825, 1831 & 1846 |
Waghera
Rising (Okha Mandal) |
1818
-19 |
The
Kutch Rebellion (Kutch & Kathiawar) |
1819
& 1831 |
Ramosi
Rising (Western
Ghats) |
1822
& 1839 |
Koli
Rising (Gujarat)
|
1824
-29, 1839 & 1844 -48 |
Surat
Salt Agitation |
1844
- 48 |
Kolhapur
& Savanvadi Revolts |
1844 |
Southern India:
Revolts |
Period |
The
Revolt of the Raja of Vizianagaram |
1794 |
The
Revolt of Diwan Velu Thampi (Travancore) |
1805 |
The
Rebellion at Mysore |
1830
- 1831 |
Mapilla
Uprisings (Malabar) |
1836
- 54 |
Northern India:
Revolts |
Period |
Kuka
or Namdhari Movement (Western Punjab) |
1840 |